to unleaded gasoline in the IVRY 03/14/2009
(video found on the excellent blog killedbyvideo )
local 100% in Saint Etienne on 11/08/2007 with bobwhite defect defect. Cover of "My friend is dead" PLAN A.
Sunday, March 30, 2008
S.o.a.p. Notes Examples
to unleaded gasoline in the IVRY 03/14/2009
(video found on the excellent blog killedbyvideo )
local 100% in Saint Etienne on 11/08/2007 with bobwhite defect defect. Cover of "My friend is dead" PLAN A.
Tuesday, March 25, 2008
Gmac Lease Pull Ahead 2010
The Blackfoot called a
A "Blackfoot" is a "French in Algeria," repatriated to France from 1954. The appearance of this term dates from 1955, according Robert Paul, who was himself Blackfoot. The Blackfoot are French Christians and Jews. This term was already used in 1951-1952 to the barracks of the city to designate the recruits from French North Africa.
Evolution:
This period is itself a period of fear that has marked much children. (They could be trapped by grenades when they went to school). So people were suspicious of each other and different events have created breaks between them. In addition, many children saw their father die shot in this war.
Since then, the Blackfoot are desperate and so the exodus begins.
According to an excerpt of Albert Camus' man is not entirely guilty he has not started history, nor wholly innocent, since he continues. "
Who s 0 nt N-Feet 0 irs?
A "Blackfoot" is a "French in Algeria," repatriated to France from 1954. The appearance of this term dates from 1955, according Robert Paul, who was himself Blackfoot. The Blackfoot are French Christians and Jews. This term was already used in 1951-1952 to the barracks of the city to designate the recruits from French North Africa.
Before the war of independence the only designations to describe the French in Algeria were "Algerian" or "North Africans" about the natives, they were called "Arabs" or "Muslims ". The nickname "pieds noirs" seems to be reached in North Africa, after 1954, and he may be were made by soldiers from metropolitan number. However, its use did not really widespread in Algeria in the last years of French presence, especially in France, after repatriation.
The Blackfoot are a multitude of peoples and nations. They mostly come from Malta, Sicily, Sardinia, Naples, Corsica, Marseille, Barcelona and Almeria.
Thus the life of the Blackfoot has been tortured for half a century, but which are actually black feet?
We will state their lives through colonization, the period of war and finally decolonization.
I. Before 1954
The identity of the Blackfoot is treated at school. Indeed, the school of Jules Ferry implemented in Algeria played a key role in the formation of this company Blackfoot. European populations that are not necessarily become French through the school, which also transmits strong patriotic values, glorifies colonization idealizes and France. A specific culture, Mediterranean, colorful and unified by the French, and develops over decades. In addition, school children are taught geography, French and seasons in France.
In 1830, began the conquest of Algeria by France:
In 1830, began the conquest of Algeria by France:
From 1830 to 1840, the settlement is free, even anarchic. July 5, 1830, the Dey of Algiers, capitulated to the French military intervention, decided by King Charles X after a complex history of claims owed by France. The decision to transform the military victory in the starting point of a phase of colonization was not immediate. The former regency of Algiers took in 1834, the "French possessions in North Africa", but no settlement was not committed before 1840, the date of the appointment of General Bugeaud as governor general of Algeria . From that date, the settlers are dismayed by what lies ahead, starting with the lack of housing and different gaps are felt later. The settlers live together in tents, eat in mess tins. The settlement is based on the creation of villages and free concession individual lots. The army opened roads, built villages, so she began clearing out heavily to settlement.
The conquest of Algeria has been accompanied by the colonization of the country. The idea is needed to make Algeria a settlement. It appears that this is the most effective way to consolidate the conquest. Bugeaud was appointed and he would vote for the idea of total conquest.
Algeria is composed of three French departments: Oran, Algiers and Constantine, the pieds noirs settled there, and there are about one million.
And it was in 1848 that colonization began stocking:
The conquest of Algeria has been accompanied by the colonization of the country. The idea is needed to make Algeria a settlement. It appears that this is the most effective way to consolidate the conquest. Bugeaud was appointed and he would vote for the idea of total conquest.
Algeria is composed of three French departments: Oran, Algiers and Constantine, the pieds noirs settled there, and there are about one million.
And it was in 1848 that colonization began stocking:
For the settlers, the revolution of 1848 gives hope to end the military regime. The 1848 Constitution proclaims Algeria an integral part of French territory. A policy of encouraging the establishment of settlers born. At the end of 1851, there were 33,000 rural settlers on 66000 131000 European including French. The civilian settlement is governed by the state.
On July 16, 1857, Algeria became French. And colonization progresses remarkably free. The almost complete abolition of customs barriers between Algeria and France in January 1851, the creation of the Bank of Algeria in August 1851 and a commodity exchange in April 1852 foster economic growth. It creates a road network and a network of railways.
From 1858, a Ministry of Algeria and the Colonies is in place. But the latter is removed in November 1860.
In 1860, Napoleon III was convinced that "the glory of France is based not on conquest but on love of humanity and progress" of Algeria. His empire collapsed in Algeria following many disasters in 1866 and its policy was abandoned in 1870.
Thus in 1871, Algeria is considered to France, she became a "little French Republic." Then in 1881, Algeria was part of France. This Algeria Republican practice a policy of official colonization and hopes to make a French rural population through free grant of land. The
Algeria obtained its independence through the action of Laferrière in 1898.
On July 16, 1857, Algeria became French. And colonization progresses remarkably free. The almost complete abolition of customs barriers between Algeria and France in January 1851, the creation of the Bank of Algeria in August 1851 and a commodity exchange in April 1852 foster economic growth. It creates a road network and a network of railways.
From 1858, a Ministry of Algeria and the Colonies is in place. But the latter is removed in November 1860.
In 1860, Napoleon III was convinced that "the glory of France is based not on conquest but on love of humanity and progress" of Algeria. His empire collapsed in Algeria following many disasters in 1866 and its policy was abandoned in 1870.
Thus in 1871, Algeria is considered to France, she became a "little French Republic." Then in 1881, Algeria was part of France. This Algeria Republican practice a policy of official colonization and hopes to make a French rural population through free grant of land. The
Algeria obtained its independence through the action of Laferrière in 1898.
Evolution:
Colonization Free progresses: it was facilitated by the law of 1873 Warnier
Despite the official colonization and naturalization of Jews through the Cremieux decree, the number of foreigners is more important than the French.
The Act of June 26, 1889 imposes French citizenship to all the son of aliens who do not refuse: the automatic naturalization. This allows
naturalization total European population from 280 000 in 1872 to 578 000 in 1896. From 1896, the number of Europeans born in Algeria becomes more likely than recent immigrants.
We call these Europeans in North Africa "Blackfeet."
According to an excerpt of Albert Camus "I have passionately loved this land where I was born, I drew everything I am, and I never separated my friendship in any of the men who live there , of whatever race they are. Although I have known and shared the miseries that are not wanting, it remains for me the land of happiness, energy and creativity. "
Despite the official colonization and naturalization of Jews through the Cremieux decree, the number of foreigners is more important than the French.
The Act of June 26, 1889 imposes French citizenship to all the son of aliens who do not refuse: the automatic naturalization. This allows
naturalization total European population from 280 000 in 1872 to 578 000 in 1896. From 1896, the number of Europeans born in Algeria becomes more likely than recent immigrants.
We call these Europeans in North Africa "Blackfeet."
According to an excerpt of Albert Camus "I have passionately loved this land where I was born, I drew everything I am, and I never separated my friendship in any of the men who live there , of whatever race they are. Although I have known and shared the miseries that are not wanting, it remains for me the land of happiness, energy and creativity. "
II. From 1954 to 1962
This period is itself a period of fear that has marked much children. (They could be trapped by grenades when they went to school). So people were suspicious of each other and different events have created breaks between them. In addition, many children saw their father die shot in this war.
time of war, which began November 1, 1954 marks the beginning of the conflict. The guerrilla is both urban and rural as the FLN is determined to gain independence. Any reform is rejected by Europeans.
Thus, the army remains the sole authority, the committees defense of French Algeria, veterans call when a huge demonstration May 13, 1958. This event brings down the 4th Republic and General de Gaulle was recalled to power and that is when we observe a shift in policy led by France.
October 23, 1958, it offers "peace of the brave", refused by the FLN. Then, September 16, 1959, De Gaulle proposes self-determination and renewed its offer of a ceasefire in November. After that, events with "Barricades Week" in January 1960 in Algiers and Oran.
The birth of the OAS (Organisation Armée Secret) in March 1961 gave rise to attacks in Paris. The last months of the war were characterized by the attempted coup of General Challe, Jouhaud, Salan and Zeller's 22 to 26 April 1961.
Thus, the army remains the sole authority, the committees defense of French Algeria, veterans call when a huge demonstration May 13, 1958. This event brings down the 4th Republic and General de Gaulle was recalled to power and that is when we observe a shift in policy led by France.
October 23, 1958, it offers "peace of the brave", refused by the FLN. Then, September 16, 1959, De Gaulle proposes self-determination and renewed its offer of a ceasefire in November. After that, events with "Barricades Week" in January 1960 in Algiers and Oran.
The birth of the OAS (Organisation Armée Secret) in March 1961 gave rise to attacks in Paris. The last months of the war were characterized by the attempted coup of General Challe, Jouhaud, Salan and Zeller's 22 to 26 April 1961.
When May 19, 1962, the ceasefire was declared, many did not believe it. In addition, during the signing of the Evian Accords, which would facilitate the maintenance of French in Algeria, the pieds noirs were not invited as they were most concerned.
On 29 March 1962, an event took place in Bab el-Oued that ended in massacre by machine guns. This has caused numerous deaths including many children.
In May 1962 signing of the Evian Accords ending the war and give independence to Algeria July 1, 1962.
Since then, the Blackfoot are desperate and so the exodus begins.
According to an excerpt of Albert Camus' man is not entirely guilty he has not started history, nor wholly innocent, since he continues. "
III.Après 1962
On July 5, 1962 took place the massacre in Oran, more precisely" the hunt for Europe. "The Blackfoot felt abandoned when they wanted to leave immediately because they had a choice between "the suitcase or the coffin" (leave or die). They are thus left, leaving many things, both material and sentimental because they had to put 150 years of life in a suitcase. The Blackfoot had the feeling to leave "their country" without knowing whether they could ever return. Thus, Algeria has cleared more than one million French.
Movement Europeans between France and Algeria during 1962.
Source: 1962: the arrival of Blackfoot - by Jean-Jacques Jordi - ed. Other 1995
According to an excerpt from Albert Camus:
Upon arrival in France, they are misunderstood, insulted by the French who have generalized the extremist movement of the OAS to all the Blackfeet, they take them to the killers. The French accuse everything from the rise in housing, rising food basket which makes integration difficult. It is difficult to find an apartment, a job and children were either not allowed at school or victims of other students.
They had therefore to face the invective, including the communist left, who caricatured as settlers profiteers. In the summer, the Blackfoot desperate and destitute, who arrived on boats overloaded, were received at the initiative of the CGT Dockers by hostile placards (" the Blackfoot to the sea ") at the port of Marseilles. Many saw their hardened containers into the sea by the same dock. Despite the prejudices qu'affichaient some politicians (like the Socialist mayor of Marseille, Gaston Defferre, who declared in July 1962: Marseille 150,000 people too, that the Blackfoot readjust go elsewhere. ") to against a population they do not really know, and cataloged on prejudice as consisting of settlers "the hooded sweat doing " to be racist, sexist and violent, and whose socio-professional structure should not facilitate integration into a modern economy. Yet the Blackfoot quickly adapted, these gloomy predictions were belied by the facts.
However, after the host received the Blackfoot became integrated quickly, contributing to the economic boom of the 1960s. Especially in the regions of Provence and Languedoc-Rouisslon. Previously sleepy towns have experienced a boost economic dynamism has contributed to their current (Nice, Montpellier and Marseille in particular). Black feet remain a unique community. Assimilated French in a France that no longer exists, then they had to fit in the old city hostile towards them. Many say they are exiles in a country that will never entirely theirs, but French nationality Algerian soil.
Lorqui, 1 July 1962, the Algerians decide by referendum for independence of their country, thousands of French pieds noirs settled in Algeria back to France:
exodus to find a home where sleep has separated many families.
Indeed, they feel pain and say that "the past is dead." The lack Algeria, it was happiness, sweetness, they loved their life there.
Thus, eventually the Blackfeet were able to integrate among the French. However, during the last forty years, they could not speak, so now they want to, "bring out the truth." According to an excerpt from Albert Camus:
"Understanding the world for a man is to reduce it to humans."
"But what, after all, words fail or stumble, if they succeed, at least fleetingly brought back from exile in Algeria and we put it, with his wounds, an agenda which we have not finally Shame. "
Main sources: http://www.pieds-noirs.org ; Film: "Story of a wound" Gilles Perez in 2006; http://fr.wikipedia .org / wiki / Blackfoot
GEHIN S0phie
Giuriato Marjorie
GEHIN S0phie
Giuriato Marjorie
Sunday, March 16, 2008
Monster Energy Drink Wrestling Singlet
Questions in Algeria (May 1955-April 1957) The
In what context did you go to Algeria? What were your grades, and body functions? What was the duration and what was the actual length of your service? 
Décérier Andre, native of Savoy, was sent to Algeria from May 1955 to April 1957, is almost two years. The duration of his service was extended beyond the statutory period. He agreed to answer our questions and I thank him warmly.
In what context did you go to Algeria? What were your grades, and body functions? What was the duration and what was the actual length of your service?
I was built in the 3rd Infantry Regiment at Maisons-Laffitte, the beginning of November 1954 (after canceling my stay in late October, before the start of the war in Algeria).
The legal duration of military service was then 18 months and there was no indication that it might be otherwise. So I thought back to civilian life at the end of April 1956.
I left Algeria in May 1955 after six months during which the army:
- I "did my classes,"
- I took a bunch of pre-EOR (schools forming reserve officers), but I failed to contest entry: If I had followed during the
- I followed the pack of students Corporal : I "brilliantly" successfully received 32nd out of 36!
In Algeria I was assigned to the 3rd Battalion of the 4th company of light infantry with the rank of corporal. I was immediately sent to the student platoon NCOs before returning to my unit.
In what state of mind were you when you arrive?
I left under duress in Algeria but without being conscious of risking my life. May 55, in France, we did not feel that the situation there was very serious and even after my arrival, I had no idea then.
I already had a certain political culture and I was convinced he would one day break with the myth of a part of Algeria
This mindset has changed? Why?
My mood has changed rapidly in response to several observations:
- the blindness of the European population that I had the opportunity to meet:
- it was unwise to give more rights to Algerians and stick to the status of 1947 which made most of Algerians second class citizens, it should be noted that this statute too "liberal" in the eyes of some, was violated and that the elections were flawed,
- had to suppress incipient rebellion in the blood, as in Setif and Guelma in 1945.
- The great misery of the fellah (small Algerian peasants):
The laborers, who had some (or all) of cropland were treated as sub-proletariat by the big settlers
Smallholders, who had been repressed by the colonial powers in less fertile areas
In Eastern and North Constantine region I know best, the habitat was miserable (the East is worse than the North) and the road network in the campaign was limited to serving settler farms. To reach mechtas (hamlets) isolated, there were more tracks, at worst mule trails.
Note : I can not speak of the Algerian population city that I just knew her.
- The behavior of the army against the rural population:
Disrespect populations by officers and noncommissioned officers who believed in Algeria continue the war in Indochina,
widespread suspicion: any behavior "heterodox" was considered a suspect,
Pilferage widespread during operations (raids on poultry and grocery stores "of corn): the most important mechtas slightly had a "store" (a simple hut with a few essential commodities (canned food, sugar, soap, condensed milk, coffee, oil, etc ...): condensed milk was much sought by the "looters". The officers left to do and were the first to eat fried chicken during operations.
Disrespect (understatement!) of the party against women.
In this regard, I talk about what happened in my unit. Other units fared better and Lieutenant-Colonel Pierre-Alban Thomas (author of "The disarray of officer in Algeria) who then commanded the 2nd Company of the 4th PCO and who I am epistolary relationship told me he could not imagine that this could have existed, in his company, it does not practice.
This behavior has been totally counterproductive and helped us up against rural people who were perhaps not ready to take up arms in 1955.
By the end of 1955, I realized that "it would end badly" for us, but I'm still a political solution through a big "dropping ballast" of the French authorities , as has been done in Tunisia and Morocco.
Did you have to use your weapon?
I had a weapon at all times, even at night (it was at my bedside), but I was lucky to never have to use it against a human being.
Have you had the sense to conduct a just war? Have you had the feeling of betraying your conscience? (I think you talk of collusion and bribery)
The word "war" does not seem appropriate for me, at least initially because we did not have an army against us, but poorly armed guerrillas who were attempting to "assault", ambushes, before retiring soon and melt into the civilian population. Regarding my battalion, the first fight scene reminiscent of war occurred January 13, 1957 when the first company fell into a deadly ambush and had to deliver battle to emerge (with the help of Aviation!).
Officially, we were keeping operations in order cons people who, sword in hand, challenged that order. I regarded this as totally unjust order so our action was unjust. Suddenly, I felt some sympathy for the cause of our adversaries for their cause but not their methods.
So I have been cases of conscience, and I sometimes say: "If I were Algerian, I'd fellagha. Another - which does not really share my ideas - wrote in a book, much later: Bigeard!
At first I was shocked by what I saw, I would have liked to protest but I did not dare, I still blame myself what I see as cowardice. Over time, we are less shocked, one blind and one begins by being passive accomplice to the theft of cattle to improve the ordinary (livestock belonging to poor farmers) and then gradually we move from "concealment suffered" in " receiving stolen to order ", that is what I call the active complicity. When I realized that I had taken a step, I told myself: "what could I can not in six months"? At first, we naturally distinguish between good and evil and then comes a moment when we must do all intellectual reasoning to distinguish these two notions.
Fortunately I was lucky not to go on operations after my appointment to the command section as NCO usual. What would I do if a friend had been killed before my eyes during surgery? I can not answer ...
I correspond with my former battalion, but another company I've never met, not even in Algeria. He participated in the operation of 11 May 1956 during which 79 villagers were killed in retaliation, fifty-two years later he does it is still recovering. It is psychologically very disturbed (and still more since he is retired and has time to think). I tried to discuss this episode during a telephone conversation, but it crashes, I do not know how it happened, I feel that my fear disapproval. But I refuse to judge his behavior at the time because if I had been with him that day, I do not know how I'd behaved.
Did you think that this war could be won in one way or another and did you want?
otherwise I would ask the question: could we do to stop the conflict by eliminating its causes ? Until the elections of January 2, 56, maybe. The Republican Front was elected to it, but after the "surrender of tomatoes, Algerians have lost faith. If Guy Mollet had had the courage to implement a program similar to that proposed by de Gaulle in 1958 (integration, equality of citizens), I think everything was still possible. May 58, it was already too late for Algerians, now was "independence unconditional! After the failure of de Gaulle's proposals, we could continue the war (real war now) for 10 years, 15 years without changing the final result.
If we could rewrite history I think a solution would have been possible through an agreement between an Algerian Mandela and de Klerk Blackfoot [ De Klerk was the South African white leader who ended apartheid in 1990 ]. In what context ? A framework Franco-Algerian or Algerian part by cutting the umbilical cord with the mother? Unanswered interest since it was a dream, but a beautiful dream.
What relationship did you have with the Europeans?
I had few encounters with Europeans:
traders,
two families in which I was invited for a meal, a
Chaplain "ultra" and repressive at all costs,
a truck driver who took me to "stop"
teacher
bystanders,
a large colon who pretended not to see us so that we protect his farm.
I also had a European correspondent I met very briefly once.
It was difficult to deal with the Algerian problem with them if only for reasons of courtesy. Many, clad certainty, left me a memory at best "tasteless" sometimes unpleasant but I've met few people with whom one could exchange intelligent about.
And with the Algerians?
I met more Algerians than Europeans:
traders urban or rural,
peasants
veterans of the wars of 14-18 and 39 -45,
youth in the villages of Petite Kabylie (September 55),
two teachers,
I also had a correspondent in Algeria, a high school girl about 18 years. We exchanged some very "wise" about the customs of Europeans and Algerians, the problem of the veil (which she did not, except when he wanted to "dress up") of Islam. The only about politics came from her when she told me she was the niece of a leader of the FLN refugee in Cairo! If my company commander had learned that I fit with the niece of one of our worst enemies!
Some of these meetings were very interesting, two examples:
a teacher very Francophile (June 55): Is there remained a Francophile or later he was executed by the FLN ?
baker Ziama-Mansouriah who became a friend and - I had proof after the fact - was a militant nationalist, he paid it in his life.
With other Algerians we never talked about politics: too dangerous for them.
How was your leave?
I rediscovered France (we should say the metropolis as "Algeria was France) after 14 month absence. My biggest surprise was the disinterest of the majority of my interlocutors about Algeria. When I tried to tell an ugly scenes which I witnessed, I met mostly with skepticism, even among some of my friends when I thought, they were surprised that I can disagree with the army abuses . After all, Algerians reaping what they sowed. Fortunately, the reactions of my family (father a railway worker, a housekeeper mother) were great.
What would you say to young Algerians and French students who work on the War in Algeria?
I would first like to warn against hasty reaction. It's 2008, more than 50 years have passed since "my Algerian adventure" and I fear that the students of today are struggling to get back into the context of the time. We must never judge the past by ignoring the context.
I left Algeria in 1955. There is then just 10 years since the war of 39-45 is complete, a year since the Indochina war is over (at least for the French). It must be remembered
- that 8 years ago, the bread was still rationed in France
- that the population was 50% rural, or peasant
- that for many school ended at 14 years with the baggage Certificate of Primary Education (when we got the illiterate were many in my company) ..
Since I was not officer, I had the opportunity to mingle with people my age who came from France from below, the son of small farmers (a few acres of land, some cows in the barn), the proletarians of agriculture or
Before making a decision on each other, we must take into account all these parameters.
In conclusion I would say the French to denounce the excesses of which has committed the French Army and the Algerians is also to examine their consciences as their war was not over cleaner than ours even though they had the excuse of the rightness of their cause and their limited military resources.
Interview by E. Augris
Wednesday, March 12, 2008
Laser Hair Prices In Kaya
Algeria during the Vichy regime
On June 17, 1940, nearly two years after the Second World War, Marshal Philippe Petain calls radio encouraging the French people to stop fighting against German forces. 24 days later he proclaimed himself head of state, and the Vichy regime was declared for all French territories. Among these lands, Algeria, a French colony since 1830, and part of the territory since 1848, under the authority of Vichy, plays an important role in the Second World War and the collapse of the colonial empire, and is heralding the decline of the Collaboration. Both actor and spectator, Algeria between 1940 and 1942 - the date of the Allied landings in North Africa - an example of the Vichy government's presence in the French colonies, besides being of strategic importance for resistance.
Both actor and spectator, Algeria between 1940 and 1942 - the date of the Allied landings in North Africa - an example of government presence Vichy in the French colonies, besides being of strategic importance for the Resistance
Much information is taken from the book "Algeria under the Vichy regime" of Jacques CANTIER.
------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------
I - The arrival of vichysme in Algeria: At
beginning of June 1940, the situation is calm in Algeria, and the colony is far off fighting in the city. Private direct information about the war, public opinion is fully submitted to the press, as evidenced by an excerpt of "The Forgotten Hill" by Mouloud Mammeri " We had neither the time nor the inclination to read the newspapers and it was the civilians that we learned the steps in advance German. We admire the efficiency of the Maginot Line when she was already on tour, we revolt with our informant felony of the Belgians when the Germans were complaining Amiens in France and when Paris surrendered already. " That same public is not less disturbed during the early days of the Vichy regime: after the speeches of 7 and 20 June, is divided into two camps. On the one hand, misinterpretation of these defeatist discourse emphasizes the excitement and patriotic fervor of the people of Algeria. On the other hand, a favorable movement in the Vichy government stands: June 21, archbishop of Algiers and Bishop Leynaud Okbi El Sheikh, an important figure of the movement of scholars, encourage the Algerian people to trust Pétain.Cet optimism before the arrival of the Vichy regime is seen followed by the arrival of propaganda in Algeria, and the personality cult of Marshal Petain as the pictures below show the cons, the image of Marshal is ubiquitous in France as in the colonies. In addition, the press is handled immediately after the defeat: "The Dispatch Algerian" or "L'Echo d'Alger," for example, suddenly change its editorial line. By controlling the media, Pétain's speech can reach, and the Third Republic is regarded as an "old regime" before the vote on July 10, 1940.
vichysme's arrival in Algeria is also accompanied by the creation new institutions. For example, the French Legion of fighters born in order to spread the doctrine of national revolution, as shown in an excerpt of the law founding this institution: " veterans must form the beam of their wishes. They are everywhere and up in each village forming groups determined to enforce and implement the wise counsel of their leader and 18 of Verdun. " The birth of these new institutions is followed by an overhaul
II - The roots of the Vichy regime:
After introduction of this new hierarchy, the Vichy regime may develop fully. The Algeria becomes an extension of the metropolis, and the logic of exclusions are soon to be applied: presented as a prerequisite for the unification Nationally, the exclusion of Jews and other classes considered as natural enemies of the regime is not expected. Thus, Cremieux Decree of 1870, which granted French citizenship to any Jew from Algeria, was abolished. Similarly, the policy of stifling democracy is applied: the politicians and officers are appointed directly by the authorities of the Vichy regime, and what to avoid ending up in the presence of elected officials involved in the Popular Front or support a anti-French movement. Petain, in criticizing universal suffrage, it adds just goes " certain deceptive appearances of freedom "(cf. speech October 10, 1940). Similarly in the mainland, the regime openly collaborating with the Third Reich, sending Algerian workers work in the service of Germany, or by sending of supplies to the Afrika Korps, the corps installed the German war in Africa.
In addition to resume and to strictly implement the measures adopted in France, the various governors of French Africa and Algeria and outbid add laws that exceed demands of the Vichy regime. Maxime Weygand, for example, in September 1941 establishes a "numerus clausus" school excluding almost all Jewish children in public schools, including primary schools, which did not arrive in France. It also prohibits the Freemasons and encloses, with the support of Admiral Abrial, the "opponents" in prison camps in southern Algeria and Morocco, as well as volunteers from the Foreign Legion and foreign refugees without a contract.
[poster encouraging them to donate towards Algeria]
Because of the severity of the winter of 1941-1942 and the spring drought, crops Algerian for the year 1942 are insufficient. In this situation are compounded by the difficulties facing the regime with its interventionist policy and with the command economy. This, as well as poor development of the Algerian trade, means a crisis in 1942 and a significant deterioration in living standards of local populations, as noted by Mouloud Mammeri in "The Forgotten Hill": "So many beggars hollow-eyed dragged their feet on the road bleeding and it was cured to doubt if the hand of God himself could satisfy them and clothe them all. "
III - The end of the Vichy Algeria:
The Crisis of 1942 and the deterioration of living conditions, it means a loss of prestige of the regime and discontent local populations. This only widens an anti-European sentiment already present before the establishment of the Vichy regime: according to estimates by the head of ICE at the Prefecture of Algiers, 5 to 20% of the Muslim population is anti-French in June 1940. Despite the propaganda and the cult of Marshal Petain, and despite the repression, this feeling will germinate to give rise Resistance to locale.Constituée small nuclei with little connection between them, the only organized resistance until later: it was not until 1942 that meet the leader of the Resistance Algiers, Aboulker, Oran and his counterpart, Henri d 'Astier de la Vigerie.
On June 17, 1940, nearly two years after the Second World War, Marshal Philippe Petain calls radio encouraging the French people to stop fighting against German forces. 24 days later he proclaimed himself head of state, and the Vichy regime was declared for all French territories. Among these lands, Algeria, a French colony since 1830, and part of the territory since 1848, under the authority of Vichy, plays an important role in the Second World War and the collapse of the colonial empire, and is heralding the decline of the Collaboration. Both actor and spectator, Algeria between 1940 and 1942 - the date of the Allied landings in North Africa - an example of the Vichy government's presence in the French colonies, besides being of strategic importance for resistance.
Both actor and spectator, Algeria between 1940 and 1942 - the date of the Allied landings in North Africa - an example of government presence Vichy in the French colonies, besides being of strategic importance for the Resistance
Much information is taken from the book "Algeria under the Vichy regime" of Jacques CANTIER.
------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------
I - The arrival of vichysme in Algeria: At
beginning of June 1940, the situation is calm in Algeria, and the colony is far off fighting in the city. Private direct information about the war, public opinion is fully submitted to the press, as evidenced by an excerpt of "The Forgotten Hill" by Mouloud Mammeri " We had neither the time nor the inclination to read the newspapers and it was the civilians that we learned the steps in advance German. We admire the efficiency of the Maginot Line when she was already on tour, we revolt with our informant felony of the Belgians when the Germans were complaining Amiens in France and when Paris surrendered already. " That same public is not less disturbed during the early days of the Vichy regime: after the speeches of 7 and 20 June, is divided into two camps. On the one hand, misinterpretation of these defeatist discourse emphasizes the excitement and patriotic fervor of the people of Algeria. On the other hand, a favorable movement in the Vichy government stands: June 21, archbishop of Algiers and Bishop Leynaud Okbi El Sheikh, an important figure of the movement of scholars, encourage the Algerian people to trust Pétain.Cet optimism before the arrival of the Vichy regime is seen followed by the arrival of propaganda in Algeria, and the personality cult of Marshal Petain as the pictures below show the cons, the image of Marshal is ubiquitous in France as in the colonies. In addition, the press is handled immediately after the defeat: "The Dispatch Algerian" or "L'Echo d'Alger," for example, suddenly change its editorial line. By controlling the media, Pétain's speech can reach, and the Third Republic is regarded as an "old regime" before the vote on July 10, 1940.
[propaganda in favor of Marshal Petain]
vichysme's arrival in Algeria is also accompanied by the creation new institutions. For example, the French Legion of fighters born in order to spread the doctrine of national revolution, as shown in an excerpt of the law founding this institution: " veterans must form the beam of their wishes. They are everywhere and up in each village forming groups determined to enforce and implement the wise counsel of their leader and 18 of Verdun. " The birth of these new institutions is followed by an overhaul
Total administrative elite, and a wide prefectural movement: out of 94 prefects position in 1940, 26 were retired, 29 dismissed and 37 displaced.
[the youth of the French Legion of fighters]
[the youth of the French Legion of fighters]
II - The roots of the Vichy regime:
After introduction of this new hierarchy, the Vichy regime may develop fully. The Algeria becomes an extension of the metropolis, and the logic of exclusions are soon to be applied: presented as a prerequisite for the unification Nationally, the exclusion of Jews and other classes considered as natural enemies of the regime is not expected. Thus, Cremieux Decree of 1870, which granted French citizenship to any Jew from Algeria, was abolished. Similarly, the policy of stifling democracy is applied: the politicians and officers are appointed directly by the authorities of the Vichy regime, and what to avoid ending up in the presence of elected officials involved in the Popular Front or support a anti-French movement. Petain, in criticizing universal suffrage, it adds just goes " certain deceptive appearances of freedom "(cf. speech October 10, 1940). Similarly in the mainland, the regime openly collaborating with the Third Reich, sending Algerian workers work in the service of Germany, or by sending of supplies to the Afrika Korps, the corps installed the German war in Africa.
In addition to resume and to strictly implement the measures adopted in France, the various governors of French Africa and Algeria and outbid add laws that exceed demands of the Vichy regime. Maxime Weygand, for example, in September 1941 establishes a "numerus clausus" school excluding almost all Jewish children in public schools, including primary schools, which did not arrive in France. It also prohibits the Freemasons and encloses, with the support of Admiral Abrial, the "opponents" in prison camps in southern Algeria and Morocco, as well as volunteers from the Foreign Legion and foreign refugees without a contract.
[poster encouraging them to donate towards Algeria]
Because of the severity of the winter of 1941-1942 and the spring drought, crops Algerian for the year 1942 are insufficient. In this situation are compounded by the difficulties facing the regime with its interventionist policy and with the command economy. This, as well as poor development of the Algerian trade, means a crisis in 1942 and a significant deterioration in living standards of local populations, as noted by Mouloud Mammeri in "The Forgotten Hill": "So many beggars hollow-eyed dragged their feet on the road bleeding and it was cured to doubt if the hand of God himself could satisfy them and clothe them all. "
III - The end of the Vichy Algeria:
The Crisis of 1942 and the deterioration of living conditions, it means a loss of prestige of the regime and discontent local populations. This only widens an anti-European sentiment already present before the establishment of the Vichy regime: according to estimates by the head of ICE at the Prefecture of Algiers, 5 to 20% of the Muslim population is anti-French in June 1940. Despite the propaganda and the cult of Marshal Petain, and despite the repression, this feeling will germinate to give rise Resistance to locale.Constituée small nuclei with little connection between them, the only organized resistance until later: it was not until 1942 that meet the leader of the Resistance Algiers, Aboulker, Oran and his counterpart, Henri d 'Astier de la Vigerie.
URL: http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Torch-troops_hit_the_beaches.jpg ]
Both cores agree to prepare an Allied landing in North Africa and do not hesitate to contact the American diplomat Murphy for their help. Thus, Operation Torch, the result of an agreement between Algiers and the United States, is born: 8 November 1942, nearly 107,000 men landed on the beaches of North Africa and with the help of the Resistance, took control of territory in very little time. After bloody battles, Admiral in June, the governor of Algeria, and Admiral Darlan, leader of the government eventually capitulated and ordered the cease-fire to Algiers, Oran and Morocco.
The putsch of 8 November and the culmination of Operation Torch mark the entrance into the war French Africa and a desire to return to democratic values. With this in mind that General de Gaulle in Algiers moves May 1943 and founded the CFLN (French Committee of National Liberation). Not only did the committee work he restore the republic, including restoring the Cremieux decree, but it also establishes some important reforms, such as the extension of voting rights to women and improving the lives of the colonized in Africa French.
------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------
Conclusion:
The arrival of the Vichy regime in Algeria is marked by a disturbing the public opinion which will be accentuated by the propaganda Petain, but after the introduction a new hierarchy, the measures taken in France not long in reaching the settlement. Under the leadership of General Weygand, some laws have even exaggerated, like those concerning the logic of exclusion. Later, the crisis of 1942 leading to discontent increasingly important: the result of Operation Torch, and the establishment of CFLN. This committee, which plays an important role in the restoration of democratic values, eventually eclipsing the Vichy regime, becoming the latest GPRF (Provisional Government of the French Republic), and making void all acts and decrees promoted after the June 16, 1940. After the Liberation, which will be the culmination of joint efforts of the Allies, the GPRF and Resistance, a new era begins for France: that of rebuilding post-war and purification. On the Algerian side, nationalism buried during the Vichy regime may finally wake up.
Both cores agree to prepare an Allied landing in North Africa and do not hesitate to contact the American diplomat Murphy for their help. Thus, Operation Torch, the result of an agreement between Algiers and the United States, is born: 8 November 1942, nearly 107,000 men landed on the beaches of North Africa and with the help of the Resistance, took control of territory in very little time. After bloody battles, Admiral in June, the governor of Algeria, and Admiral Darlan, leader of the government eventually capitulated and ordered the cease-fire to Algiers, Oran and Morocco.
The putsch of 8 November and the culmination of Operation Torch mark the entrance into the war French Africa and a desire to return to democratic values. With this in mind that General de Gaulle in Algiers moves May 1943 and founded the CFLN (French Committee of National Liberation). Not only did the committee work he restore the republic, including restoring the Cremieux decree, but it also establishes some important reforms, such as the extension of voting rights to women and improving the lives of the colonized in Africa French.
------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------
Conclusion:
The arrival of the Vichy regime in Algeria is marked by a disturbing the public opinion which will be accentuated by the propaganda Petain, but after the introduction a new hierarchy, the measures taken in France not long in reaching the settlement. Under the leadership of General Weygand, some laws have even exaggerated, like those concerning the logic of exclusion. Later, the crisis of 1942 leading to discontent increasingly important: the result of Operation Torch, and the establishment of CFLN. This committee, which plays an important role in the restoration of democratic values, eventually eclipsing the Vichy regime, becoming the latest GPRF (Provisional Government of the French Republic), and making void all acts and decrees promoted after the June 16, 1940. After the Liberation, which will be the culmination of joint efforts of the Allies, the GPRF and Resistance, a new era begins for France: that of rebuilding post-war and purification. On the Algerian side, nationalism buried during the Vichy regime may finally wake up.
Amine - Yanis A. and Naji
--------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------
References: * "Algeria under the Vichy regime", Jacques CANTIER, Editions Odile Jacob * Encyclopaedia Free Wikipedia: http://fr.wikipedia.org/ Pages concerned: "Vichy Regime," "CFLN", "Darlan", "Algeria", "Petain", "Maxime Weygand" * "The Hill forgotten "Mouloud Mammeri, Folio editions
Images: * the troops of Operation Torch reaches the beaches http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Torch-troops_hit_the_beaches.jpg * more images: from the Inserts specification of "Algeria under the Vichy regime" by Jacques CANTIER National Archives, Paris Archive of overseas, Aix-en-Provence Photography Gautherot Jacques (CD), collection Vianney Lambert Orleans
--------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------
References: * "Algeria under the Vichy regime", Jacques CANTIER, Editions Odile Jacob * Encyclopaedia Free Wikipedia: http://fr.wikipedia.org/ Pages concerned: "Vichy Regime," "CFLN", "Darlan", "Algeria", "Petain", "Maxime Weygand" * "The Hill forgotten "Mouloud Mammeri, Folio editions
Images: * the troops of Operation Torch reaches the beaches http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Torch-troops_hit_the_beaches.jpg * more images: from the Inserts specification of "Algeria under the Vichy regime" by Jacques CANTIER National Archives, Paris Archive of overseas, Aix-en-Provence Photography Gautherot Jacques (CD), collection Vianney Lambert Orleans
Homemade Christmas Wreaths To Sale
Orientalism and colonial influences in art and literature in
PART 1: pictorial expression of Orientalism
French painters of the 19th century have largely contributed to the" Eastern Revival "of the painting, they are indeed the The origin of "visualization" of the East, before photography and film. Orientalism therefore seems, at first, as an inspiration to the iconographic themes and a variety. All artists who, at that time represented the East have not necessarily traveled in the Middle East . However, the majority of painters called orientalists began long expeditions in the Maghreb countries to report many sketchbooks. Algeria is one such country that has always fascinated artists who will then pour it: From 1907 the Casa de Velázquez Villa Medici in Algiers, the villa Adelta and Bou Saada
hosted artists from France until 1960. They are going to succeed for half a century and will number eighty-seven, sixty-seven painters and engravers, sculptors and seventeen one architecte.Al Djazaïr reveals to dozens of painters from around the world its magic light, space, his imagination, and bright colors.
A) Fascination with nature:
Gustave Guillomet "Sahara"
1) The Dream Moreover, the exotic East: Orientalist Painters have continued to show their works in their fascination for the exotic landscapes oriental: They take effect in the theme of the Sahara which is striking for its vastness, its Tuaregs, camels and oases: Etienne Dinet Thus, captivated by the magnificence of southern Algeria, is undertaking 1905 a trip to Algeria, and settled in Bou-Saada, to live there permanently. With the help of his friend Slimane Ben Brahim Baâmar, he traveled the desert and became familiar with the tribes and nomadic Bedouin, discovering the traditions of Arab and Berber. All these factors will push to love and then to convert to Islam in 1913 by becoming Nasreddine Dinet. It then produces a number of scenes, sketches, portraits of a blaze of light and regularly participates in exhibitions devoted specifically to the Orientalism
E. DINET
E. DINET
II: Orientalism: Literary Expression:
The conquest of Algeria by France in 1830, allows the development a strong intellectual interest in the East. This look allows the rich East to join the French literary field. Orientalism and donned a literary aspect: The "Young Writers" will then enjoy their travels in the East to feed their works of exotic smells, colors and intense sensation. It is within this context that Chateaubriand in 1811 made a trip East to "get images", he reports in his route from Paris to Jerusalem. Victor Hugo, who never went to the Orient, published in 1829 a collection of poems and lyrical fantasy entitled The Oriental. Lamartine, meanwhile, wrote in 1833 in a way his romantic memories, thoughts and landscapes during a trip to the Orient, where he called on Europe to "protect" the brilliant oriental civilization. In 1851, nearly ten years after his trip to Tunisia and Algeria, Gerard de Nerval publishes A Journey to the East, where the East is closely associated with femininity. The poetry of Charles Baudelaire in Les Fleurs du mal (1857) is also strongly influenced by the Orient, its smells, its flavors and couleurs.Cette fascination with the Orient in the literary field led some authors to s bind : Maupassant who also made several trips to Algeria around the 1880s, recounts his travels inspired him to a series of essays reflecting on his own fascination with the East but also to its commitment: In fact in the News Africa, Maupassant tells of his life experiences Algerienne where he does not hesitate to adopt a polemical tone in its criticism as anti-colonial in new Bou-Amama or Kabylia-candle. In Algiers, for example, a country that has suffered a settlement "far from being benign." In the second collection, Tales of Africa, the author draws on the political reality to give his opinion on military operations which he witnessed in Algeria as a reporter for the newspaper "Le Gaulois".
Thus, we grasp that the Orientalist movement is a complex movement to various aspects: it brings together both artists and writers fascinated by the Orient, in this case Algeria, from Delacroix to Maupassant through various other artists like Ingres, Gerard de Nerval and Victor Hugo.Cette diversity of backgrounds allows this movement to take different aspects: Indeed, while showing the beauty of landscapes, the sensuality of women and art to hunt through its pictorial expression, it testifies to the political commitment of major authors in its relations with litteraire.Ainsi he weaves between Algeria from the colonial and French artists, Orientalism reflects the common past of these two nations.
Yasmine - Inés - Adlane and Lamine
Bibliography:
www.fr.wikipedia.org www.discipline.free.fr / Orientalism.
http://discipline.free.fr/delacroix.
http://www.bousaada.net/etienne_dinet.
http://expositions.bnf.fr/veo/index.
http://www.hku.hk/french/dcmScreen/lang3022/lang3022_orientalisme .
http://www.cerclealgerianiste-lyon.org/livres/emmanuel.html http://wwwcano.lagravure.com/Jazet.htm http://www.bou-saada.net/Dinet/index.php?function=show&auto=1&photo=0
http://www.bousaada.net/etienne_dinet_tab0.htm
http://www.diagnopsy.com/Dinet/Pages/001.htm
http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x1d4ot_lalgerie-des-orientalistes-de-del_school.htm
http://dzlit.free.fr/nbenhamou.html
http: / / mediene.overblog.com/article11347239.html
http://www.jcbourdais.net/journal/17aout06.php
European colonization that began in the Middle Ages, has raised awareness to the Company of the nineteenth century of the existence of another world in various manners and customs which arouse the curiosity of the Western world. Several artists and authors of this period express this attraction through their works that capture the vision imagined that Europeans of the East, but also a concrete vision and real science missions that feed at the time. Thus Orientalism born . This current marks the importance of this time for crops in the Maghreb, Turkey and arabe.L art orientalist not match any particular style and features artists and works as different and opposite that Horace Vernet, Ingres, Delacroix, Fromentin, ... etc., until Renoir with his famous "Odalisque" of 1884 or even Matisse and Picasso in the early 20th century. So it's rather a broad theme that runs through the various artistic movements and literary works of that period and that takes aspects protéiormes inthe nineteenth and twentieth century. The attraction elsewhere, the search for the exotic, conquers society . Orientalism is who invented the myth of languor Eastern harems muffled, mysterious women and offered .... The harem is indeed one of the recurring themes of Orientalist works as well as desert and hunting fascinent.L Algerie, Algiers, and more particularly , which is a French colony since 1830, is a major destination for Orientalists. Theophile Gautier was a witness to the fervor woven around the city of Algiers: "The journey from Algiers to become painters also essential that the pilgrimage to Italy where they will learn the sun, study light, look for original types, mores and attitudes primitive and biblical "
PART 1: pictorial expression of Orientalism
French painters of the 19th century have largely contributed to the" Eastern Revival "of the painting, they are indeed the The origin of "visualization" of the East, before photography and film. Orientalism therefore seems, at first, as an inspiration to the iconographic themes and a variety. All artists who, at that time represented the East have not necessarily traveled in the Middle East . However, the majority of painters called orientalists began long expeditions in the Maghreb countries to report many sketchbooks. Algeria is one such country that has always fascinated artists who will then pour it: From 1907 the Casa de Velázquez Villa Medici in Algiers, the villa Adelta and Bou Saada
hosted artists from France until 1960. They are going to succeed for half a century and will number eighty-seven, sixty-seven painters and engravers, sculptors and seventeen one architecte.Al Djazaïr reveals to dozens of painters from around the world its magic light, space, his imagination, and bright colors. A) Fascination with nature:
Gustave Guillomet "Sahara" 1) The Dream Moreover, the exotic East: Orientalist Painters have continued to show their works in their fascination for the exotic landscapes oriental: They take effect in the theme of the Sahara which is striking for its vastness, its Tuaregs, camels and oases: Etienne Dinet Thus, captivated by the magnificence of southern Algeria, is undertaking 1905 a trip to Algeria, and settled in Bou-Saada, to live there permanently. With the help of his friend Slimane Ben Brahim Baâmar, he traveled the desert and became familiar with the tribes and nomadic Bedouin, discovering the traditions of Arab and Berber. All these factors will push to love and then to convert to Islam in 1913 by becoming Nasreddine Dinet. It then produces a number of scenes, sketches, portraits of a blaze of light and regularly participates in exhibitions devoted specifically to the Orientalism
E. DINET http://www.bou-saada.net/Dinet/index.php?function=show&auto=1&photo=13
2) Hunting: Another essential theme that inspired the Orientalists and very important in our context of colonization, hunting. This theme has inspired many painters as Delacroix's first pilgrim of the Maghreb ", which was one of the first painters who reported from Morocco pictures of riders and Arabian horses. The scenes were generally reproduced scenes of the daily life of native hunters as "hunting hawk, quarry "Eugene Fromentin or" the boar hunt "by Horace Vernet or tribal gatherings as" couscous under the big tree "or" Lunch at the Kabyle "any two of Benjamin Roubaud commented by Theophile Gautier "camp life he shared an amateur provided to Mr Roubaud grounds that it was perfectly arranged, without departing from the truth."
Fromentin "The hawking"
2) Hunting: Another essential theme that inspired the Orientalists and very important in our context of colonization, hunting. This theme has inspired many painters as Delacroix's first pilgrim of the Maghreb ", which was one of the first painters who reported from Morocco pictures of riders and Arabian horses. The scenes were generally reproduced scenes of the daily life of native hunters as "hunting hawk, quarry "Eugene Fromentin or" the boar hunt "by Horace Vernet or tribal gatherings as" couscous under the big tree "or" Lunch at the Kabyle "any two of Benjamin Roubaud commented by Theophile Gautier "camp life he shared an amateur provided to Mr Roubaud grounds that it was perfectly arranged, without departing from the truth."
Fromentin "The hawking"
The theme of the hunt has shown, through the image, the lifestyle of hunters and tribes during the colonial era
E. DINET
B) The fascination for women: is in a warm muted colors and found that women are often the subject of obsessive oriental paintings. Sometimes, just add a few decorative items to complete the scene represented. Judicious use of exotic objects, costumes foreigners are methods for enhancing these women found in different contexts (harems and baths ...). Etienne Dinet reflects this fascination with femininity in these works conducted in the Sahara, where women are being in values of sublime landscapes and Desjeux
light.
light.
(Paintings of Etienne Dinet 'women' they are ignored and have no title)
1) The Harem fantasy: At that time, the depiction of nudity is offensive in Europe if it is not justified. However, the Harem is proving to be the expression of an otherwise unknown. Manners There are different practices tolerated (such as slavery, polygamy, public bath etc ....). 
This tolerance results in Europe a great fascination for the harem (or harem), where fantasies of the Sultan. Indeed, the Harem, so far from the morals and the European culture of the time raises many questions but also many fantasies: The harem dreams, fantasies, imagined are often inhabited by odalisques sensual curves in light clothing, and transparent. This theme is very popular in particular by Jean-Léon Gérôme Eugene Delacroix and Ingres. 
(Photos by Jean-Leon Gerome, The pool of the harem, and after bathing or Naked women) Take for example the Odalisque with Slave Ingres where a young nude odalisque stretches of shimmering fabrics, all entranced by the music played by his black slave at his side. 
Her sensuality seems to flourish in his music. The bent position that gives him the artist can showcase her breasts and beautiful forms. These forms indicate rolling with very geometric space. She throws his head back as if to afford more. The eunuch, castrated keeper of the harem and symbol of the negation of the male watches over the couple. La belle odalisque, curvaceous, is trapped in this place that opens right onto a courtyard. But the eunuch stands there just to avoid it or ensure that someone to interfere with the scene that occurs inside. Here, as in most works of Ingres, the woman is naked and captive in a confined space with the artist holds the key. The same is noticed in La Grande Odalisque. Presented back, The Great Odalisque is one of the few characters who look Orientalist works directly outside the scope of the canvas. ("L'Odalisque with Slave")
This tolerance results in Europe a great fascination for the harem (or harem), where fantasies of the Sultan. Indeed, the Harem, so far from the morals and the European culture of the time raises many questions but also many fantasies: The harem dreams, fantasies, imagined are often inhabited by odalisques sensual curves in light clothing, and transparent. This theme is very popular in particular by Jean-Léon Gérôme Eugene Delacroix and Ingres. (Photos by Jean-Leon Gerome, The pool of the harem, and after bathing or Naked women) Take for example the Odalisque with Slave Ingres where a young nude odalisque stretches of shimmering fabrics, all entranced by the music played by his black slave at his side. Her sensuality seems to flourish in his music. The bent position that gives him the artist can showcase her breasts and beautiful forms. These forms indicate rolling with very geometric space. She throws his head back as if to afford more. The eunuch, castrated keeper of the harem and symbol of the negation of the male watches over the couple. La belle odalisque, curvaceous, is trapped in this place that opens right onto a courtyard. But the eunuch stands there just to avoid it or ensure that someone to interfere with the scene that occurs inside. Here, as in most works of Ingres, the woman is naked and captive in a confined space with the artist holds the key. The same is noticed in La Grande Odalisque. Presented back, The Great Odalisque is one of the few characters who look Orientalist works directly outside the scope of the canvas. ("L'Odalisque with Slave") 2) The bath : On the picture plane, the toilet scenes are often characterized by women who enter and leave the bathroom and, together with their servant, offer their naked beauty. You feel so in the privacy of those women who do not seem to care about the intrusion of the observer: To illustrate this point as preferred femininity, painters like Ingres show the rest, drowsiness, inaction This attracts the eye of the viewer, he is busy enjoying the scene, to revel in the sumptuous body of bathers. The curve of the body of the latter is repeated by different objects in the room, such as vases, plates, lamps, pots and circular in form. The light is dark hints at what the scene is set in a mysterious place and even intimate.
(Edouard Debat-Ponsan, Massage, 1883.
(Jean-Léon Gérôme Moorish Bath)
II: Orientalism: Literary Expression:
The conquest of Algeria by France in 1830, allows the development a strong intellectual interest in the East. This look allows the rich East to join the French literary field. Orientalism and donned a literary aspect: The "Young Writers" will then enjoy their travels in the East to feed their works of exotic smells, colors and intense sensation. It is within this context that Chateaubriand in 1811 made a trip East to "get images", he reports in his route from Paris to Jerusalem. Victor Hugo, who never went to the Orient, published in 1829 a collection of poems and lyrical fantasy entitled The Oriental. Lamartine, meanwhile, wrote in 1833 in a way his romantic memories, thoughts and landscapes during a trip to the Orient, where he called on Europe to "protect" the brilliant oriental civilization. In 1851, nearly ten years after his trip to Tunisia and Algeria, Gerard de Nerval publishes A Journey to the East, where the East is closely associated with femininity. The poetry of Charles Baudelaire in Les Fleurs du mal (1857) is also strongly influenced by the Orient, its smells, its flavors and couleurs.Cette fascination with the Orient in the literary field led some authors to s bind : Maupassant who also made several trips to Algeria around the 1880s, recounts his travels inspired him to a series of essays reflecting on his own fascination with the East but also to its commitment: In fact in the News Africa, Maupassant tells of his life experiences Algerienne where he does not hesitate to adopt a polemical tone in its criticism as anti-colonial in new Bou-Amama or Kabylia-candle. In Algiers, for example, a country that has suffered a settlement "far from being benign." In the second collection, Tales of Africa, the author draws on the political reality to give his opinion on military operations which he witnessed in Algeria as a reporter for the newspaper "Le Gaulois".
Thus, we grasp that the Orientalist movement is a complex movement to various aspects: it brings together both artists and writers fascinated by the Orient, in this case Algeria, from Delacroix to Maupassant through various other artists like Ingres, Gerard de Nerval and Victor Hugo.Cette diversity of backgrounds allows this movement to take different aspects: Indeed, while showing the beauty of landscapes, the sensuality of women and art to hunt through its pictorial expression, it testifies to the political commitment of major authors in its relations with litteraire.Ainsi he weaves between Algeria from the colonial and French artists, Orientalism reflects the common past of these two nations.
Yasmine - Inés - Adlane and Lamine
Bibliography:
www.fr.wikipedia.org www.discipline.free.fr / Orientalism.
http://discipline.free.fr/delacroix.
http://www.bousaada.net/etienne_dinet.
http://expositions.bnf.fr/veo/index.
http://www.hku.hk/french/dcmScreen/lang3022/lang3022_orientalisme .
http://www.cerclealgerianiste-lyon.org/livres/emmanuel.html http://wwwcano.lagravure.com/Jazet.htm http://www.bou-saada.net/Dinet/index.php?function=show&auto=1&photo=0
http://www.bousaada.net/etienne_dinet_tab0.htm
http://www.diagnopsy.com/Dinet/Pages/001.htm
http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x1d4ot_lalgerie-des-orientalistes-de-del_school.htm
http://dzlit.free.fr/nbenhamou.html
http: / / mediene.overblog.com/article11347239.html
http://www.jcbourdais.net/journal/17aout06.php
Friday, March 7, 2008
Grecian Style Prom Gown
Colonization French cinema
During the period when Algeria was a French colony, about 134 films were shot in Algeria. Algeria is attracting. Not only by its vast desert where emerging rare oasis - who are more military posts than paradise in the middle of the sand - but also because of the Algerian capital of a future state: Algiers. The Casbah has much to do. The 'fortress' Ottoman listed since December 1992 by UNESCO World Heritage (and who is behind the famous nickname of the city, Alger la Blanche) offers a perfect setting for filmmakers. Its maze of narrow alleyways and steep staircases winding is ideally suited to action films, gangster (very fashionable at the time) and to film noir, to show the side 'dark' of colonialism .
Algiers was a city attractive to filmmakers primarily because its construction. From 1897 to 1 November 1954 , more than 90 films were shot in Algeria. It was at first mainly action movies. In this first category of films, very few players 'indigenous' are present. Besides, the natives themselves are absent in most of these films. The white city is seen through the Casbah and terraces. For example in 1922, Louis and Rene Mercanton Hervil turn in Algiers Sarati the Terrible. Apart from a few extras, actors natives are absent. Moreover, the sociologist Abdelghani Megherbi by his research shows that this film based on a novel by Jean Vignaud, praised colonialism. Indigenous people are therefore presented as a subject people, obedient and quiet: "The Arabs admire the strength and fear."
Other films following the same pattern as the Terrible Sarati - that is to say, forgetting the indigenous population - will emerge. Among these films, we find Le Grand Rendez-Vous Jean Dreville. Made in 1949, the film deals with the American landing in Algiers. The city is without its native inhabitants. The "Group of Five," formed by the Commissioner Basketball, Baron Darvey, Father St-Michel Riel and Solal organizing the fight against Germany and the Vichy regime. They are joined by Francis, who worked in the Youth Building and sister Colette. These last two have tried to flee the colony to reach England, the symbol of resistance. The resistance group, which now contains 7 members, must neutralize the radio, the telephone network and the strategic points of the city until the soldiers of the 800 allied ships' arrival. This war film is concentrating on the two camps of World War II who are competing for possession of Africa.
In continuation of the series of war movies eclipsing the indigenous population, found Casabianca Georges Peclet, made in 1950. The film pays tribute to the submarine of the same name, the Casabianca, who escaped the sinking of the French navy at Toulon and was instrumental in fueling the underground until the liberation of Corsica island. The battalions were brought from Algiers, a city that seems, again, not wanting to show its indigenous population.
This positive view of colonial Algeria explained very simply. This period saw the Communist and Socialist parties swell their ranks. Of course, they were critical of colonialism, become a political issue. As a response, movies, and more numerous propaganda posters, reflected an ameliorative image of the colony: a beautiful city, a beautiful bay, residents happy. And most importantly, these films conceal the misery in which the indigenous people live. However
movies are there to 'make adjustments'. One of the first films to reflect the reality of indigenous life in Algeria is Pepe le Moko . Julien Duvivier depicts Jean Gabin in the role of a French gangster who found refuge in the Casbah. The Casbah is therefore in the movies, but this time in another way. The natives are present! We discover the shady neighborhoods of the Casbah, full of traffic, prostitutes, poverty and misery. So it's a realistic film begins, eager to show the reality of things. The hero is hunted by Inspector Slimane native, waiting passia to find a way to get out of his refuge Pepe. This is getting tired of Paris. His nostalgia will be accentuated when Gaby will meet a Parisian tourist. The gangster falls in love with her. Informed by its flag, the inspector decided to take Arabic is part of this. When he learns that Gaby will embark for France, Grandpa tries to join at any price, despite the danger of hounds. But he is denounced by Ines, a prostitute and companion of native Pepe, jealous to see him leave to join another woman. Slimane was believed to Gaby that Pepe was dead. Upon departure, Pepe was arrested without being able to talk to Gaby, convinced that she has left. He committed suicide on the docks. This thriller is one of the first where indigenous characters (even if played by French actors) play an important part of the plot. An American remake, Algiers Will be made elsewhere.
After the liberation of Algeria, France is often criticized for its actions during the colonization of Algeria. It is one of these actions the use of torture and assassination of the Secret Army Organization (OAS). These "peacekeeping operations" are mentioned in some films, like the Battle of Algiers . Made in 1966, Italo-Algerian film directed by Gillo Pontecorvo. The film begins October 7, 1957 with the arrival of the paratroopers of Colonel Mathieu. The military invest the Casbah of Algiers to capture Ali "tips", became a petty criminal guerrilla leader of the FLN. They arrive home and find it in the lining of a wall, with his wife. Three years later, the indigenous population is spreading through the streets demanding independence. The film shows us the actions of the FLN: French authorities to monitor and identify strategic locations in order to perpetrate attacks. The mutual hatred exchanged between the camp and the camp native French is very noticeable. Betrayal and murder are linked. The first bombs exploded, one in a cafe and the other in a dance club. The bombs were raised by women, a technique used by the FLN for remove the suspicion of police. In response to these two explosions, 3 French blew up a building in the Casbah, violence continues to escalate. This film shock is considered the first film to show an alternative vision to that of a French director. Objectivity is nevertheless present, showing the atrocities of war in both camps: the assassination of innocent people, torture traitors etc.. The film was also honored at Venice in 1966.
the same kind found Intimate Enemy Franco-Algerian film by Florent Emilio Siri released in 2007. In June 1959 a brigade of the French army hunts of the guerrillas. The French military are in constant battle with themselves, torn between their desire to avenge their friends died in combat or respect the "rules of war." A year ago, "Colonel , French film by Laurent Herbiet seems. Torture is the main theme of the film. In 1957 at St. Arnaud, in eastern Algeria, a young officer, lawyer, Guy Rossi discovered torture. Early reluctance to apply it, it will gradually turn into "executioner" no longer feeling any emotion. His superior, Colonel Duplan, will be traveling the opposite route.
But the French colonization in Algeria has also had repercussions in the city. Thus, the film Dark Night Alain Tasma, puts the plot in 1961, October 17, where 30,000 Algerians win the heart of Paris for a peaceful demonstration at the call of the FLN. In the evening, thousands of people were arrested by French authorities. Bodies are recovered from the Seine a few days later. Each character in the film has its own vision of the situation, which allows the author to illustrate the various independence movements in Algeria. Retracing
another period of colonization of Algeria, Glory , a French film, Moroccan, Algerian and Belgian directed by Rachid Bouchareb, released in 2006 has 4 native enlisted in the French army. They are desperate to give a good image of the natives, for France to recognize their value. All the members of their faction are eliminated by the Germans. Their supervisor asks them to complete their mission, and to release the Alsatian village. Acting like real soldiers fighting for their country, they will push up the death.
French colonization in Algeria has inspired more than one director. First, a way to show the side benefactor of colonization, French cinema was then directed towards a desire to reflect the actual situation and then give way to outright criticism of the attitude of the army and the French administration.
Medhi M - Medhi C. - Saber and Aghiles
Sources:
http://www.dilap.com/
http://www.dilap.com/cinema-arabe/cinema-arabe-algerien/histoire -cinema-algerien/cinema-algerien-colonial-2.htm
http://www.coupdesoleil.net/documentation/AlgerauCinema.pdf
http://www.espaceculture.net/averroes/averroes2003/03sous_le_signe/cinema_litterature/au_commencement.html
http://www.ph-ludwigsburg.de/html/2b-frnz-s-01/overmann/baf4/algerie/alg10.htm l
http://cinema.aliceadsl.fr/film/histoire/default.aspx?filmid=FI012582
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Cin%C3%A9ma_fran%C3%A7ais
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Cin%C3%A9ma_alg%C3%A9rien
http://www.cadrage.net/dossier/colonisation.htm 
During the period when Algeria was a French colony, about 134 films were shot in Algeria. Algeria is attracting. Not only by its vast desert where emerging rare oasis - who are more military posts than paradise in the middle of the sand - but also because of the Algerian capital of a future state: Algiers. The Casbah has much to do. The 'fortress' Ottoman listed since December 1992 by UNESCO World Heritage (and who is behind the famous nickname of the city, Alger la Blanche) offers a perfect setting for filmmakers. Its maze of narrow alleyways and steep staircases winding is ideally suited to action films, gangster (very fashionable at the time) and to film noir, to show the side 'dark' of colonialism .
Algiers was a city attractive to filmmakers primarily because its construction. From 1897 to 1 November 1954 , more than 90 films were shot in Algeria. It was at first mainly action movies. In this first category of films, very few players 'indigenous' are present. Besides, the natives themselves are absent in most of these films. The white city is seen through the Casbah and terraces. For example in 1922, Louis and Rene Mercanton Hervil turn in Algiers Sarati the Terrible. Apart from a few extras, actors natives are absent. Moreover, the sociologist Abdelghani Megherbi by his research shows that this film based on a novel by Jean Vignaud, praised colonialism. Indigenous people are therefore presented as a subject people, obedient and quiet: "The Arabs admire the strength and fear."
Other films following the same pattern as the Terrible Sarati - that is to say, forgetting the indigenous population - will emerge. Among these films, we find Le Grand Rendez-Vous Jean Dreville. Made in 1949, the film deals with the American landing in Algiers. The city is without its native inhabitants. The "Group of Five," formed by the Commissioner Basketball, Baron Darvey, Father St-Michel Riel and Solal organizing the fight against Germany and the Vichy regime. They are joined by Francis, who worked in the Youth Building and sister Colette. These last two have tried to flee the colony to reach England, the symbol of resistance. The resistance group, which now contains 7 members, must neutralize the radio, the telephone network and the strategic points of the city until the soldiers of the 800 allied ships' arrival. This war film is concentrating on the two camps of World War II who are competing for possession of Africa.
In continuation of the series of war movies eclipsing the indigenous population, found Casabianca Georges Peclet, made in 1950. The film pays tribute to the submarine of the same name, the Casabianca, who escaped the sinking of the French navy at Toulon and was instrumental in fueling the underground until the liberation of Corsica island. The battalions were brought from Algiers, a city that seems, again, not wanting to show its indigenous population.
This positive view of colonial Algeria explained very simply. This period saw the Communist and Socialist parties swell their ranks. Of course, they were critical of colonialism, become a political issue. As a response, movies, and more numerous propaganda posters, reflected an ameliorative image of the colony: a beautiful city, a beautiful bay, residents happy. And most importantly, these films conceal the misery in which the indigenous people live. However
movies are there to 'make adjustments'. One of the first films to reflect the reality of indigenous life in Algeria is Pepe le Moko . Julien Duvivier depicts Jean Gabin in the role of a French gangster who found refuge in the Casbah. The Casbah is therefore in the movies, but this time in another way. The natives are present! We discover the shady neighborhoods of the Casbah, full of traffic, prostitutes, poverty and misery. So it's a realistic film begins, eager to show the reality of things. The hero is hunted by Inspector Slimane native, waiting passia to find a way to get out of his refuge Pepe. This is getting tired of Paris. His nostalgia will be accentuated when Gaby will meet a Parisian tourist. The gangster falls in love with her. Informed by its flag, the inspector decided to take Arabic is part of this. When he learns that Gaby will embark for France, Grandpa tries to join at any price, despite the danger of hounds. But he is denounced by Ines, a prostitute and companion of native Pepe, jealous to see him leave to join another woman. Slimane was believed to Gaby that Pepe was dead. Upon departure, Pepe was arrested without being able to talk to Gaby, convinced that she has left. He committed suicide on the docks. This thriller is one of the first where indigenous characters (even if played by French actors) play an important part of the plot. An American remake, Algiers Will be made elsewhere.
After the liberation of Algeria, France is often criticized for its actions during the colonization of Algeria. It is one of these actions the use of torture and assassination of the Secret Army Organization (OAS). These "peacekeeping operations" are mentioned in some films, like the Battle of Algiers . Made in 1966, Italo-Algerian film directed by Gillo Pontecorvo. The film begins October 7, 1957 with the arrival of the paratroopers of Colonel Mathieu. The military invest the Casbah of Algiers to capture Ali "tips", became a petty criminal guerrilla leader of the FLN. They arrive home and find it in the lining of a wall, with his wife. Three years later, the indigenous population is spreading through the streets demanding independence. The film shows us the actions of the FLN: French authorities to monitor and identify strategic locations in order to perpetrate attacks. The mutual hatred exchanged between the camp and the camp native French is very noticeable. Betrayal and murder are linked. The first bombs exploded, one in a cafe and the other in a dance club. The bombs were raised by women, a technique used by the FLN for remove the suspicion of police. In response to these two explosions, 3 French blew up a building in the Casbah, violence continues to escalate. This film shock is considered the first film to show an alternative vision to that of a French director. Objectivity is nevertheless present, showing the atrocities of war in both camps: the assassination of innocent people, torture traitors etc.. The film was also honored at Venice in 1966.
the same kind found Intimate Enemy Franco-Algerian film by Florent Emilio Siri released in 2007. In June 1959 a brigade of the French army hunts of the guerrillas. The French military are in constant battle with themselves, torn between their desire to avenge their friends died in combat or respect the "rules of war." A year ago, "Colonel , French film by Laurent Herbiet seems. Torture is the main theme of the film. In 1957 at St. Arnaud, in eastern Algeria, a young officer, lawyer, Guy Rossi discovered torture. Early reluctance to apply it, it will gradually turn into "executioner" no longer feeling any emotion. His superior, Colonel Duplan, will be traveling the opposite route.
But the French colonization in Algeria has also had repercussions in the city. Thus, the film Dark Night Alain Tasma, puts the plot in 1961, October 17, where 30,000 Algerians win the heart of Paris for a peaceful demonstration at the call of the FLN. In the evening, thousands of people were arrested by French authorities. Bodies are recovered from the Seine a few days later. Each character in the film has its own vision of the situation, which allows the author to illustrate the various independence movements in Algeria. Retracing
another period of colonization of Algeria, Glory , a French film, Moroccan, Algerian and Belgian directed by Rachid Bouchareb, released in 2006 has 4 native enlisted in the French army. They are desperate to give a good image of the natives, for France to recognize their value. All the members of their faction are eliminated by the Germans. Their supervisor asks them to complete their mission, and to release the Alsatian village. Acting like real soldiers fighting for their country, they will push up the death.
French colonization in Algeria has inspired more than one director. First, a way to show the side benefactor of colonization, French cinema was then directed towards a desire to reflect the actual situation and then give way to outright criticism of the attitude of the army and the French administration.
Medhi M - Medhi C. - Saber and Aghiles
Sources:
http://www.dilap.com/
http://www.dilap.com/cinema-arabe/cinema-arabe-algerien/histoire -cinema-algerien/cinema-algerien-colonial-2.htm
http://www.coupdesoleil.net/documentation/AlgerauCinema.pdf
http://www.espaceculture.net/averroes/averroes2003/03sous_le_signe/cinema_litterature/au_commencement.html
http://www.ph-ludwigsburg.de/html/2b-frnz-s-01/overmann/baf4/algerie/alg10.htm l
http://cinema.aliceadsl.fr/film/histoire/default.aspx?filmid=FI012582
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Cin%C3%A9ma_fran%C3%A7ais
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Cin%C3%A9ma_alg%C3%A9rien
http://www.cadrage.net/dossier/colonisation.htm
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)