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The OAS (Secret Army Organization)

The OAS: Secret Army Organization

What role did the OAS during the war in Algeria?
I- Created:
1-Context, birth and ideologies :
On May 29, 1958, President René Coty called retired General Charles de Gaulle, following the insurgencies led by supporters Gaullists the maintenance of French Algeria (the country was then formed in 4 French departments). On June 4, 1958, de Gaulle delivered his famous speech in Algiers "I have understood you" 2. Two days later, June 6, De Gaulle cried "Long live French Algeria! "In Mostaganem, before a crowd that includes Europeans and musulmans.Le September 16, 1959, the shock is brutal for all French Muslims from Algeria and loyalists who wake up hearing the General de Gaulle speaking on self-determination. From these circumstances, Joseph Ortiz creates the FNF (French National Front), a movement activist. Many other small groups are born or reborn for rebelling against what they see as "Gaullist betrayal." On January 24, 1960, beginning barricades with the participation of many pieds-noirs from that date the rebellion Algerian conflict becomes a Franco-French. The OAS was born a year later by the fusion of different insurgent movements in Madrid Lagaillarde around Peter, who was involved in arms. Two personalities, strongly opposed the loss of Algeria, will indirectly inspired the founders of the OAS: Raoul Girardet and anthropologist Jacques Soustelle.
2- Members:
Leaders:
General Salan, aka Sun Arrested April 20, 1962 in Algiers and jailed until June 15, 1968
General Paul Gardy (Chief of Staff )
Colonel Godard (Deputy Chief of Staff)
Dr. Jean-Claude Perez (ORO = Organization - Information - Operation) Imprisoned from 1957 to 1965 (death sentence)
Captain Jean-Marie Curutchet (replaces Dr. Perez on 1/1/1962)
Colonel Jean Gardes (organizing rallies)
Jean-Jacques Susini Movement (political and propaganda)
Organization in Algeria: Oran :

1. General Edmond Jouhaud seconded by Commander William.

2. Dufour replaces Col. Gen. Edmond Jouhaud.

3. General Gardy: a directory with revolutionary 5 Members: · Sergeant Captain Peter · Christian • Jean-Marie Léger Curutchet · Denis Bailey • Jean-René Souêtre

Algiers :

1. Colonel Vaudrey

2. Pierre Delhomme responsible in El-Biar (Alger height)

Constantine:

1. Colonel Pierre Chateau-Jobert

2. Robert Martel aka "Chouan of Mitidja.

Organization frontièreOAS-off city:

1. General Vanuxem Paul (aka Verdun);

2. Captain Pierre Sergent: Chief of Staff

3. Organizing rallies: Lieutenant Daniel Godot

4. Political movement and propaganda: Jacques Chadeyron

5. Organization-Information-Operation: Captain Jean-Marie Curutchet

6. OAS Metropolitan Youth (OMJ): Lieutenant Nicolas Kayanakis (aka the Greek) and Jean Caunes France-Mission III: 1. Andre Canal (called the Monocle, arrested in Paris May 4, 1962).

OAS-Madrid: dissident group claiming the central leadership of the OAS.

1. Colonel Antoine Argoud, who will become deputy Georges Bidault.

2. Colonel Charles Lacheroy

3. Commander Peter Lagaillarde

II-The actions of the OAS:

The first victim of the OAS, January 25, 1961, is the liberal lawyer Peter Popie, president of the federation MRP Algiers. Before being shot, he had declared on television: "French Algeria is dead." Enforcement is committed by men of Andre Canal, which at that time had not yet officially joined Organization. The OAS is manifested in France and Algeria by multiple bombings and assassinations. At the end of September 1961, the authorities were more than 1000 terrorist attacks that left 15 dead and 144 wounded, engaging targets of the political union and pro-independence, liberals, and of course the official support of Gaulle. The attacks became more frequent around February 1962. Delta commandos (led by Lieutenant Roger Degueldre) are engaged in deadly wave of killings, and March 15, 1962 Operation Rock and Roll (120 explosions within hours) is triggered. Several murders are committed against six officials of a social education center, including Mouloud Feraoun, writer kabyle.À from 19 March 1962, when the cease-fire in Algeria, the FLN became a legal party, while weakened in this new context saw more and more the Force, the CRS and the Army coordinate their actions against her with the FLN, the OAS claimed to oppose by force the implementation of the Evian agreements and to discourage the French from Algeria to leave the country. Anticipating the outcome of the February 23, Salan capital prepares an instruction, instruction 29: "The irreversible is about to be committed." He developed a plan of insurrection. Participation European population seemed acquired in cities. He is using them as "valuable tool" that must be used as an army to open fire on the CRS and gendarmes. On 13 March, the OAS failed in his attempt to organize the insurrection in the neighborhood Bab El-Oued, an attempt that ended in a crackdown which claimed over 20 lives. March 26, the shooting of street Isly was another failure for the organization that wanted to organize a demonstration. The slogan of the Muslim is required when hunting for commandos Delta.Les OAS leaders are aware that the end is nigh for French Algeria. The organization seeks to prohibit the Europeans to flee Algeria, but they are still 100,000 people who leave in May. This massive population leaving Algeria, the OAS is deprived of its main support. For Susini, it is now to let the Algerians to Algeria. It adopts a scorched earth policy, which requires the destruction of economic and cultural country. On 7 June, the library of the University of Algiers and the mayor are under fire. The laboratories of the Faculty of Science at Algiers jump, PTT facilities are demolished, and the fire is put to the oil tanks in the ports of Algiers and Oran .. The activities of Delta commandos stopped June 17 1962, following an agreement signed between Jean-Jacques Susini, last chief of the OAS and Dr. Shawki Mostefaï representing the GPRA, just before the proclamation of the independence of Algeria (July 1962). This agreement allowed some members of the OAS to leave Algeria. Charles de Gaulle was the target of an attack organized by Bastien Thiry August 22. The presidential motorcade was attacked by three men armed with submachine guns, while transiting the Petit-Clamart. General de Gaulle, who survives, will benefit from the emotion caused by the attempt to propose the election of the president by universal suffrage.
III-Assessment and what was the feeling of the French population on the actions of the OAS?

OAS which has lost its main supports, that of the French population living in Algeria who fled to the hexagon, frightened by the magnitude of the tragic events organized by the two "fronts" and despite the threatening statements June 1961: "The OAS remember the last time that it is forbidden to any inhabitant of Algeria from leaving for vacation this summer, except for serious health reasons. The OAS will have a list of those who have borrowed of maritime or air and apartments of the "holiday" will be bombed after investigation. Those who believe they have valid reasons will expose them in a note to display prominently on their front door. "For the French population of Algeria and undoubtedly, there reigns a climate of insecurity and violence since, as stated in the newsletter published in July 1961, special sections of the OAS would have done on the Algerian territory, 380 terrorist attacks and several éxécutions.Les people not respecting the obligations set by the OAS are in danger of death at any time since "OAS strikes where it wants to" ... At this time of conflict (1961) it does no doubt that the public takes these threats very seriously in deciding to meet them. Thus despite some raproche to independence of Algeria, the OAS perseveres in these actions since January 24, 1962 establishes a directive that imposes a curfew on all days from 21 h in the centers of Algiers Oran and Bone, accompanied by more concrete actions that will reduce the mobility of law enforcement and therefore totally separated the population of legal authority (eg: January 29 is spread on the intersections of the waste oil and nails ...). These actions are intended to create an atmosphere of anxiety and panic ("the psychosis of the night") for residents and autorités.Ces operation called point multiply to cover certain professions such factors, drivers of trams ... All this in order to paralyze the country.The people are hugely affected whether at work or at eux.L the OAS began a policy that packaging and therefore for the people of injustice. However, the organization does not completely satisfy these actions (even if they have a strong impact for the most part) since it extends these operations into the metropolis we call OAS-metro. These operations always had to create a climate of terror, but this time in France. The newspaper Libération published numerous articles between 1961 and 1962 on the organization, for example, that of a girl disfigured in the attack against the office of A. Malraux (then Minister of Home Affairs) with the title "This is what the OAS has a child" ... We can feel the shock of people seeing the photo of this little girl, barely 8 years died. Finally, despite the many attacks, the official negotiations are ongoing and it appears clear that it will be impossible to prevent the signing of an agreement with the GPRA. March 19, 1962, when the cease fire, General Salan calls a resistance that will followed by a total strike called "Operation Dead Cities".

Conclusion:

OAS despite its many violent and peaceful actions and his willingness to keep Algeria French will fail to keep it. The Algeria will become independent and that organization will disappear after his failure with consequences as many people descèdées and injured and the indictment of its main leader and then several will be sentenced to death or life imprisonment, for example General Jouhaud and Dr. Perez.

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Algerian immigration in France

By its geographic location makes it a place of intersection of shops and people and its history as a former colonial power, France is a country of migration for many years. Precisely since the mid-nineteenth century France became a country of mass immigration. In 2007, following the election of the president, was founded the ministry of immigration and national identity, and today many questions persist about immigration. But what is an immigrant? in France, according to the definition of the High Council for Integration, a person born abroad and foreign entry in this capacity in France to settle in the French territory in a sustainable manner is an immigrant. Immigration therefore means the entrance into a country of strangers who come to stay and work there .... Algeria was long a French colony and only obtained its independence at the cost of a war. The term Franco-Algerian is often used to describe a French whose ancestors are originally from Algeria . And mostly from the twentieth century that many Algerian immigrants arrived in France. So we ask why and how has made the Algerian immigration in France?
We will thus present the different phases or periods, of Algerian immigration in France and the various reasons for this.

I) phases of Algerian immigration in France:
1) The first phase:
The first phase of Algerian immigration to France began in 1905, labor. Algerians working in oil mills and refineries of Marseille, as drivers or as stevedores on the vessels. Then hundreds of workers are employed in mines and factories of the North and Pas-de-Calais, industries Clermont-Ferrand and Paris. By 1912 it is called a true migratory movement from 4000 to 5000 Algerians.
In northern France is about 1500 Kabyle working in mines, for a regular wage and benefiting from the application of social legislation of the period for minors. They are generally well received by the working population. In the Paris region , they work in construction and public works, chemical industries, sugar refineries Say , the company highways, railways and metro . They settled in towns and congregate in certain neighborhoods such as Montmartre .
The migratory movement accelerates from 1913 by eliminating the travel permit was then required for Algerians and one account, 1914, about 13,000 Algerians France.

2) The First World War: When
WWI , France relies heavily on workers and soldiers of the colonial empire . They will then be nearly 80 000 workers and 175 000 soldiers coming from Algeria. Those who are not on the front are employed in sectors vital to the war effort, arms production, engineering, aerospace, transportation, mining, etc.. Worker participation in the colonial war effort, is recognized and they enjoy the sympathy of the French. At that time, parties Muslims in France are celebrated with some pomp and there has been many mixed marriages.

3) Immigration installed Algeria (1920-1939): After
war, France repatriates 250 000 workers and soldiers of the colonies. From 1920 , immigration resumed, France, victorious but ruined by war, is partly destroyed. She again called on workers in colonies. Between 1919 and 1931 , we are witnessing a mass migration. If the component remains high among the Kabyle Algerian immigrants, others, like the inhabitants Northwestern Oran gaining ground. It was also during this period we created the first anti-imperialist movements in the Algerian immigrant community.

4) World War II: When
after 1943 , de Gaulle moved to Algeria, the Empire again provides soldiers and money for continuing the fight . The North Africans form the bulk of the African army, whose officers come from their city. This army is engaged in Tunisia In Italy then at the Battle of France. But de Gaulle refuses the Algerians to elect a Constituent Assembly.

5) Migration of workers: After
1945 , migration resumed, the Algerians are employed in areas that allow the reconstruction of France and the economic recovery, such as mining and steel but also industry and the construction of new infrastructure. From 1947 , the Franco-Algerian become Muslims and began to organize politically both in France and Algeria.
However, according to Daniel Lefeuvre, Professor at the University of Paris 8 Saint-Denis, who is one of the leading specialists in French Algeria, it appears that the Algerian immigration in France in the 50s originated the population explosion and poverty. Indeed, in his beloved Algeria, published in 2005, he claims that immigration does not meet the manpower needs of the French economy during the years of reconstruction or post-war boom but to the terrible situation in which Muslim populations living at the time. Resources are insufficient to feed a population that is growing very fast. poverty is spreading and the Algerians are forced to go abroad to feed their families. The colonial administrators encouraged such emigration to ease social pressure. But the city is unwilling to accept these new workers, who have no professional training, do not meet business demand.
6) The War of Independence (1954-1962): The Government
Guy Mollet in 1956 , gets special powers of parliament, said the reservists and sends the quota in Algeria. In 1958 , the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic (GPRA) is formed, the National Liberation Front (FLN) took control of emigration. He launched a war against the French people enemy. The FLN launched the war in France in order to preclude any democratic solution to the Algerian conflict. De Gaulle seeks the dismantling of the FLN and its terrorist networks. Finally he negotiates with the only GPRA, the Evian agreements that put an end to the war in Algeria and endorse the free movement between Algeria France and the nationals of both countries.
Almost all Europeans and thousands of French-Muslims leave Algeria and took refuge in France. The colonial empire is shrinking, France turned to the Common Market and industrialization, which requires still more arms, while emigration is the only resource. Algerian immigration explodes as and when sites open in France.
In 1962, the Evian agreements provide that the "Algerian nationals residing in France have the same rights as French nationals, except political rights. " The French authorities thought that this would facilitate the return home of Algerian workers after independence. Or, conversely, it caused a movement of migratory workers to France.
The status of Algerian nationals is now governed by an international agreement between France and Algeria signed December 27, 1968 and amended several times thereafter. The scheme, initially very privileged compared to others which are subject nationalities, has gradually moved closer to the general scheme. It is called the "certificate of residence "
· the certificate of residence of one year is issued to students, trainees or employees in fixed term contract.
· the certificate of residence of ten years for other workers, who must provide proof of lawful residence in France for at least three years of stable employment and adequate resources and stable. This certificate may also apply to other categories of persons, for example in the context of family reunification.

Today, some French of Algerian origin back in this country to create companies which helps to develop.




II) The reasons of Algerian immigration in France:

The wave of immigration in France was originally a predominantly European phenomenon. Until the thirties, Italian, Belgian and Polish were the majority of staffing of foreign labor. Then came the English, Portuguese and nationals of countries of Central Europe. In this set, the Algerians were in the minority.
Compared to the immigration of European origin, immigration Algeria has been delayed. One reason was that, until the war of 14-18, the Algerians were not allowed to move freely. These restrictions on freedom of movement, already in force in the Algerian territory, were the more stringent when it came to the "natives" coming to France in search of work. All travel was subject to the issuance by the colonial authorities of a "travel permit", a sort of ausweiss before the letter, and not always easy to obtain. This particular strain has delayed the migration movement Algeria. But as soon as the need for labor is felt, the administration releases the floodgates. Thus, in 1911, 5,000 Algerians had been granted special permission to come to work in mines in the North.
The obligation to permit travel was abolished by decree 15 July 1914, a month before the outbreak of war. The prospect of conflict, and its corollary that the general mobilization was an early glimpse into perspective that the workforce was running short. It was therefore necessary to urgently address the risk of economic collapse. Hence the relaxation procedures to facilitate the installation of Algerians in the French territory. Better still, the French were not afraid to take a decree in 1917 to requisition 17 500 Algerians as laborers. But this text has never been applied, recruitment volunteers with enough to meet the manpower needs of the economy of France
Algerians were discriminated against, often, they could not access that 'jobs in the hardest and least valued. Isolated from the French population, they suffered from racism. Their employers imposed a specific discipline. Under such conditions of existence, very few people permanently settled. A study in 1930 established that half of all Algerians remained in France for 10 months, others remained a year and a half, while only 25% were fixed permanently or only returned to Algeria until several years later.
The Administration's attitude towards immigration French Algerian was ambivalent. On one side there was the need for labor caused by the human losses and material destruction of the First World War. From this point of view, the necessity of commanding support the arrival in France of Algerian workers.
But on the other hand there were political considerations inherent in colonialism. In Algeria, the "natives" were considered "subjects" French, in contrast to other population groups (Europeans and Jews), they did not enjoy the status of "citizens". As a result, they were subject to specific rules whose application in France was problematic.
Given this inconsistency, the Board adopted policy to take a step forward, one step back. In 1914 came a decree repealing the requirement for Algerians to obtain a travel permit to make the slightest movement. In 1924, the Interior Minister has undertaken to reduce the migratory movement. Before boarding, the Algerians were required to produce a certificate of appointment, a medical certificate and identity card. In the colonial context, each of these documents was also difficult to obtain a visa today. Moreover, the recruitment of "indigenous" was subjected to a procedure done purpose to discourage employers. In addition, the Algerians were not allowed to come to France in their families, except on particularly draconian.
In June 1926, this regulation was repealed by the State Council which declared contrary to the freedom of individual "native".
Two months later, August 4, 1926 a decree (which was amended April 4, 1928) has replaced the circular. The retoilettage was perfunctory. The conditions for Algerian immigrants were even more draconian. Besides the above obligations, the applicant for Immigration is required before coming to France to deposit as security a sum of money he will recover at home.
Despite these constraints, the Algerian immigration has continued. She has endured and strengthened, and later expanded massively and permanently after the Second World War


Finally, Algerian immigrants, also called arrived in France for various reasons, mainly for work, in Mine for example, during WW1. Then this immigration took place over several periods in particular following the first and the second World War but also in the aftermath of the Revolutionary War. Algerian immigration is thus an important part of all the nations represented on French territory.

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Henri Alleg - Question

Henri Alleg

He was born in London in 1921. It was a Franco-Algerian journalist. He was a member of the PCF (French Communist Party) and Director of Algiers Republican.

In 1940, he settled in Algeria and was active in the Algerian Communist Party.

In 1951 he became director of the Algerian daily Republican.

He went underground in 1955, banning the newspaper. However, he continues to file stories in France, some of which will be published by Humanity.

He was arrested June 12, 1957 by paratroopers of the 10th at the home of Maurice DP AUDIN his friend, who was arrested yesterday and will be tortured to death. Henri Alleg was kidnapped a month in El-Biar, where he was tortured and suffered an interrogation after an injection of pentothal (truth serum). He was then transferred to Lodi camp where he stayed a month. Barbarossa then, the civil prison in Algiers. That's The Question wrote it, hiding the pages written by transmitting them to his lawyers . Three years after his arrest, Henri Alleg was charged with "threatening the external security of the State" and "recovery line dissolved "and sentenced to 10 years in prison. He was transferred to France and imprisoned in Rennes. Enjoying a stay in hospital, he will take the opportunity to escape.
Aided by communist militants he will join Czechoslovakia.

He returned to France after the Evian agreements, then to Algeria where he participated in the rebirth of Algiers Republican newspaper. Became "Persona Non Grata" in Algeria, he moved back to France in 1965 .

In 2005, Henri Alleg co-signed a letter to the President of the Republic, asking the French government to recognize abandonment harkis in 1962.
He is currently a member of the honorary president of the Center communist revival in France.

HIS WORK, THE QUESTION

In Question , he told his period of detention and abuse there undergoes during the war of Algeria. First published in France by Editions de Minuit, the book was immediately banned. Nils Andersson the reissued in Switzerland, fourteen days after the ban in France in March 1958. Despite its ban in France, this book helped greatly to reveal the phenomenon of torture in Algeria. Some excerpts from the book:

[...] Then he said, it's not enough for you? It does not let you go. · Knees! "From his huge bats, I slapped at random. I fell to my knees, but I could not keep me right. I oscillate sometimes left, sometimes right: the blows of Erulin restored the balance when they not only threw me against the floor: "So, you mean? You're fucked, you understand. You're a dead man on leave! [...]

[...] Lorca tied me on the board: a new electric torture session began. "This time is the big gegene," he said. In the hands of my torturers, I saw a larger unit, and suffering even I felt a difference in quality. Instead of sharp and quick bites that seemed to tear my body was now a greater pain that sank deep into my muscles and all the twisted further. I clenched my links, I clenched my jaws on gag and kept my eyes closed. They stopped, but I continued to tremble nervously. [...]

[...] I was pushed into the kitchen and there they made me lie down on the garden and sink. Lorca around my ankles with a damp cloth and then tied tightly with a rope. All together, then they lifted me to hang, upside down, the iron rod of the hood above the sink. Only my fingers touched the ground. They amused me for a while to swing from one to another, like a sandbag. I saw that Lorca slowly lit a torch of paper up to my eyes. He got up and suddenly I felt the flame on sex and legs, whose hair caught fire in sizzling. I sat a jerk so violent that I stumbled Lorca. He began once, twice, and then began to burn me the tip of one breast. [...]
This book is very moving and representative of torture in Algeria as it is cruel, Henri Alleg describes simply but intensely, by denouncing it.

(...)

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