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The Kabyle deported to New Caledonia

Discovered in 1774 by English Captain Cook of New Caledonia became French territory in 1853 and will be built in separate colony in 1862. It represents in 1871 the land of exile for French Communists rose against the regime but also for the revolt Kabyle insurgents. This last place in 1871 , shortly after the events of the Paris Commune. The main causes of this uprising is the occupation of the country, but also arbitrary poverty, famine and dispossession of land by colons.Dirigée by Mohamed el Moqrani and extending to three quarters of the country, the insurrection ended with the trial court of the principal leaders of Constantine, whose brother El Moqrani "Boumezregue. The award is the destination of deportation to New Caledonia. Hundreds of insurgents were then exiled to the country's prisons, where they found the Parisian Communards but many die before reaching the island.
[http://www.acb54.com/IMG/jpg/portraitmok.jpg] Mokrani In 1864 Sheikh El Sheikh Mohammed El Mokrani Devaux General receives a reprimand because assistance he had given to Sheikh Bouakkaz ben Achour in 1864-1865 and was demoted in 1870 under bachagha, dignitaries of the administrative hierarchy. To overcome the famine settled in 1867 and then touches the countryside, he invests his own money and borrows many are at the Bank of Algeria and the Jewish Mesrine. But after the departure of the Military Governor General Mac Mahon in 1870 and the grip of power by the civil authorities, they refuse to honor the commitment of El Mokrani, and thus plunges into a financial crisis requiring to mortgage its assets. Moreover it perceives in the replacement of military rule by civilian authorities a way to establish the domination of European settlers on the Algerians. This, added to the proclamation of Cremieux decree of October 24, 1870 granting French citizenship to Jews and sent word to Sheikh "I'd rather be in a sword chop off my head but never under the leadership of a Jewish" strengthens sense of injustice and encourages them to revolt. He launched March 16, 1871 and the biggest uprising against the French colonial power.
The beginnings of the first phase of the insurgency in El Mokrani, sparked after he had presented to the second time he resigned from his post bachaga are marked by insurgencies in El Ahras Kablouti and Laghouat by Ben Chohra and Bouchoucha. The actual trigger is marked by the return to the Department of War bachaga his badge and held several meetings with men and senior officers. March 16, begins his advance towards the town of Bordj Bou Arreridj at the head of a troop estimated at seven thousand horsemen to put pressure on the colonial administration. The uprising eventually reaches Miliana Cherchell M'sila Boussaâda Touggourt, Biskra, Batna and Ain Salah. However, several disagreements arise within the family of El Mokrani. Faced with this situation it joins Sheikh Haddad, head of the Sufi Muslim brotherhood Rahmaniyya, proclaiming jihad against the settlers April 8, 1871. 145,000 men, from two hundred and fifty tribes are mobilized. But despite the mobilization capacity for combat disagreements resurface especially following the death of El Mokrani May 5, 1871 during the Battle of Wadi Souflat. These conflicts occur between Aziz, son of Cheikh El Haddad and Boumezrag brother of El Mokrani. The decline of the resistance is also linked to the conflict to zaouias (religious school) of Rahmaniyya. On October 8, 1871 Boumezrag goes to the Sahara. The French took the knowledge and stop January 20, 1872 at Ouargla. He was sent to prison in New Caledonia. April 19, 1873 Sheik El Haddad was sentenced to five years imprisonment but died ten days after his detention.
[http://www.vuici.com/images/carte-nouvelle-caledonie.gif] New Caledonia - Noumea Boumezrag After the arrest of the French army managed to end the insurgency. Then the awards fall. On 10 March 1873, the court opened the trial of Constantine the leaders of the insurgency: 149 of 212 defendants are sent to prison for 84 and the verdict is without appeal the deportation to New Caledonia. Among them include Aziz Ben Cheikh El Haddad. Moreover, the tribes involved in the insurgency are obliged to pay taxes according to the magnitude of their contribution to the uprising: 70 francs to anyone who has attracted the attention of the French administration, 140 francs to anyone s 'being mobilized and 210 francs to anyone who took part in combat and publicly stated his opposition to the colonial power. All refusal to pay is necessarily followed by a seizure of personal property. The deportation policy in New Caledonia was subsequently generalized to the population who actively participated in the insurgency. A total of 200,000 insurgents are then exiled to the country's prisons, where they found the Parisian Communards but many die before reaching the island. Jean Allemane cites the figure of two thirds of deaths in custody.
These newcomers, called the Kabyle Pacific, "will never see their pays.La voyage lasted five months and the prisoners were locked up in iron cages. Many inmates died of diseases such as phthisis, scurvy, gangrene or starvation, not claiming no medical care. The diary of Major Dubuquois doctor accurately describes travel conditions of the deportees "He voluntarily left to die", "1 405 people on board, 320 including 39 convicted Kabyle, on these there are 5 deaths. These fed improperly, he suffered and suffered rationing of inadequacy. On the Isle of Pines where they are held Kabyle insurgents alongside other insurgents, the Communards, which a close solidarity between them.
[http://www.chocolat.tv/photos/albums/userpics/10001/normal_bagnes-noumea.jpg] Exile Noumea Arrived in New Caledonia deportees are placed in prisons, which, established by Napoleon III; enable the provision of free labor and that populate the islands. The colonial convict convicts frighten designated in exile, torn from their country and their families. Inaugurated in 1864, the prison of New Caledonia is expected to accommodate prisoners in better conditions in Guyana: without diseases and climatic stress. However, the colony people forced march. A law is imposed; "the law of dubbing" a prisoner sentenced to less than eight years to double his exile staying the same number of years in the territory after its liberation. Beyond 8 years of pain, no return home is possible. Some prisoners
faring more cruel than their peers. The convicts are running almost all the hard labor of general interest, they built their own prison and infrastructure necessary for community living for urban planning. In Noumea, chained together, they perform the work of filling the city center, the exploitation of the forest, opening roads, draining swamps, carrying heavy loads until exhaustion. Strongest fulfill contracts "human flesh": hundreds of convicts are leased four times cheaper than free labor to dig in the mines for 20 years. Those sentenced to life imprisonment do not perform forced labor and are kept in tiny dark cells and humid. Men do not go out and never perceive the light of day. To use the free settlers, Governor Guillain creates the category of "assigned", composed of convicts to conduct satisfactory and authorized to work in private homes as "family boys" engaged in housework: ironing, laundry and kitchen. Other assigned are assigned to the administration of prison. The deportees
Kabyle experienced exactly the same fate as the French Communists, and so there was between them a sort of complicity. Its two categories of prisoners were completely opposite. They had nothing to compare historically, geographically and culturally speaking, but they were both animated by a sense of injustice and fought the French government in place and also known the same sentence, lock him away from theirs. This has enabled the reconciliation of all prisoners.
[http://www.brazza.culture.fr/img/afrique/iconos/la_politique_coloniale_en_afrique_apres_1879/la_politique_coloniale_en_afrique_apres_1879_32.jpg] President GambettaEn 1879, the Communards an amnesty following the struggle of many French intellectuals such as Victor Hugo, Emile Zola ... but this amnesty excludes Algerians. By restoring their country, the Communists launched an awareness on the subject of French Kabyle deported to the example Louise Michel and Henri Rochefort. The latter, moreover, after escaping in 1874, moved to Brussels and founded his newspaper, The Lantern, who devote much time to the cause of the deportees. This awareness is paying off. Thus, under pressure from the Left and French prisoners, the president decides Gambetta amnesty for all prisoners. It is noted that this has not prevented, by implication, it will not release the Paris Communards by diverting the law but with its latest release that the Algerians.
Once released, some returning to Algeria but others remain New Caledonia. One can be led to believe they did not choose to settle and they wanted to return too. For example, we try by all means retain Boumezrag, which still represents a threat and it would even entered the French army to carry out a crackdown, with fifty other Algerian soldiers against the rebellion of Caledonian minority, the Canaques.Aujourd Today, it still traces of its presence in the Pacific Kabyle. In fact, quite ready to Noumea, capital of Southern Province, is the "Valley of the Arabs" and not there away from the cemetery where the Arabs are buried former Algerian deportees. People are buried in the pure ritual Muslim graves facing Mecca. In addition to the cemetery, there are also people who try not to "forget" their culture and traditions. They speak indeed some Arabic words, are part of an association of Muslims in the region, they also have a mosque and a religious center where we celebrate all Muslim holidays. Upon entering the Nessadiou (Valley of Arabic), it's like being in a real village kabyle. [Http://www.amnc.org/images/bourail_long.jpg] Islamic Center of Nessadiou


Conclusion Thus, the insurrection against the French colonial power carried by El Mokrani extends across the north. Boumezrag after the arrest of the French army managed to stop the uprising and condemned the leaders of the resistance. The verdict led the Chiefs and then the people who participated in the insurrection in New Caledonia; sentenced to exile. Some 200,000 join the insurgents prisons after long and arduous journey. Throughout the trip, "Kabyle Pacific" are locked in cages and transported conditions awkward: many died of disease and starvation before reaching the island. Arrived in New Caledonia, they are placed in prisons. In addition they participate in the settlement of the archipelago by providing a large workforce used to build prisons and urbanize the area. Some are assigned, however, serve free settlers but the majority of detainees remain in prisons where they rub shoulders with the Parisian Communards. These two categories of insurgents united by a bond of solidarity reinforced by a sense of injustice and even expulsion. Thus, the amnesty enjoy the French Communards lead by the grace of suitela Kabyle insurgents.
Célia.A, Célia.C, Sara.C, Malik.H SOURCES: • http://www.seddouk-ouffella.com/spip.php?article108 • http:// www.planet-dz.com/ACTU/2001/mai/lallaoui-algeriens-du-pacifique.htm • http://www.editions-berberes.com/article.php3?id_article=64 • http://nouvellecaledonie.rfo.fr/ • http://www.vitaminedz.com/articles-169-0-721-toute_l_algerie-histoire___07__l_occupation_francaise-histoire__les_algeriens_de_nouvelle_caledonie_-3.html
• http://www.algerie-dz.com/article1019.html
• http://www.makabylie.info/?article1245
• http://www.amnc.org/amnc/algeriens.php
• http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabyles_du_Pacifique
• http://www.amnc.org/images/bourail_long.jpg • http://www.brazza.culture.fr/img/afrique/iconos/la_politique_coloniale_en_afrique_apres_1879/la_politique_coloniale_en_afrique_apres_1879_32.jpg • http://www.acb54.com/IMG/jpg/portraitmok.jpg • http://www.vuici.com/images/carte-nouvelle-caledonie.gif • http://www.chocolat.tv/photos/albums/userpics/10001/normal_bagnes-noumea.jpg • Mehdi Lallaoui, Kabyle Pacific, 1994 Edition On behalf of the memory, Bezons, France • History of Algeria CDROM published by the Department of the Mujahideen

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The Kabyle deported to New Caledonia

Discovered in 1774 by English Captain Cook of New Caledonia became French territory in 1853 and will be built in separate colony in 1862 . It represents the land in 1871 from exile to the French Communists rose against the regime inplace but also for insurgents in the Kabyle revolt. This last place in 1871, shortly after the events of the Paris Commune. The main causes of this uprising is the occupation of the country, but also arbitrary poverty, famine and dispossession of land by colons.Dirigée by Mohamed el Moqrani and extending to three quarters of the country, the insurrection ended with the trial court of the principal leaders of Constantine, whose brother El Moqrani "Boumezregue. The award is the destination of deportation to New Caledonia. Hundreds of insurgents were then exiled to the country's prisons, where they found the Parisian Communards but many die before reaching the island.
[http://www.acb54.com/IMG/jpg/portraitmok.jpg] In 1864 Sheikh Mohammed El Mokrani (Picture above-cons) Devaux General receives a reprimand because of the help he had given to Sheikh Bouakkaz Ben Achour in 1864-1865 and was demoted in 1870 under bachagha, a high official of the administrative hierarchy. To overcome the famine settled in 1867 and then touches the countryside, he invests his own money and borrows many are at the Bank of Algeria and the Jewish Mesrine. But after the departure of the Military Governor General Mac Mahon in 1870 and the grip of power by the civil authorities, they refuse to honor the commitment of El Mokrani, and thus plunges into a financial crisis requiring to mortgage its assets. Moreover it perceives in the replacement of military by civilian authorities a way to establish the domination of European settlers on the Algerians. This, added to the proclamation of Cremieux decree of October 24, 1870 granting French citizenship to Jews and sent word to Sheikh "I'd rather be in a sword chop off my head but never under the leadership of a Jewish" strengthens sense of injustice and encourages them to revolt. He launched March 16, 1871 and the biggest uprising against the French colonial power.
The beginnings of the first phase of the insurgency in El Mokrani, triggered after he presented the second time he resigned from his post bachaga are marked by insurgencies in El Ahras Kablouti and Laghouat by Ben Chohra and Bouchoucha. The actual trigger is marked by the return to the Department of War bachaga his badge and held several meetings with men and senior officers. March 16, begins his advance towards the town of Bordj Bou Arreridj at the head of a troop estimated at seven thousand horsemen to put pressure on the colonial administration. The uprising eventually reaches Miliana Cherchell M'sila Boussaâda Touggourt, Biskra Batna and Ain Salah. However, several disagreements arise within the family of El Mokrani. Faced with this situation it joins Sheikh Haddad, head of the Sufi Muslim brotherhood Rahmaniyya, proclaiming jihad against the settlers April 8, 1871. 145,000 men, from two hundred and fifty tribes are mobilized. But despite the mobilization capacity for combat disagreements resurface especially following the death of El Mokrani May 5, 1871 during the Battle of Wadi Souflat. These conflicts occur between Aziz, son of Cheikh El Haddad and Boumezrag brother of El Mokrani. The decline of the resistance is also linked to the conflict to zaouias (establishment religious education) of Rahmaniyya. On October 8, 1871 Boumezrag goes to the Sahara. The French took the knowledge and stop January 20, 1872 at Ouargla. He was sent to prison in New Caledonia. April 19, 1873 Sheik El Haddad was sentenced to five years imprisonment but died ten days after his detention.
[http://www.vuici.com/images/carte-nouvelle-caledonie.gif] New Caledonia - Noumea Boumezrag After the arrest of the French army managed to end the insurgency. Then the awards fall. On 10 March 1873, the court opens Constantine the trial of leaders of the insurgency: 149 of 212 defendants are sent to prison for 84 and the verdict is without appeal the deportation to New Caledonia. Among them include Aziz Ben Cheikh El Haddad. Moreover, the tribes involved in the insurgency are obliged to pay taxes according to the magnitude of their contribution to the uprising: 70 francs to anyone who has attracted the attention of the French administration, 140 francs to anyone s 'being mobilized and 210 francs to anyone who took part in combat and publicly stated his opposition to the colonial power. All refusal to pay is mandatory followed by a seizure of personal property. policy of deportation to New Caledonia was subsequently generalized to the population who actively participated in the insurgency. A total of 200,000 insurgents are then exiled to the country's prisons, where they found the Parisian Communards but many die before reaching the island . Jean Allemane cites the figure of two thirds of deaths in custody.
These newcomers, called the Kabyle Pacific, "will never see their pays.La voyage lasted five months and the prisoners were locked up in iron cages. Many inmates died of diseases such as phthisis, scurvy, gangrene or starvation, not seeking any medical care. The diary of Major Dubuquois doctor accurately describes travel conditions of the deportees "He voluntarily left to die", "1 405 people on board, 320 including 39 convicted Kabyle, on these there are 5 deaths. These fed improperly, he suffered and suffered rationing of inadequacy. On the Isle of Pines where they are held Kabyle insurgents alongside other insurgents, the Communards, which close the solidarity unit.
hulks arrived from Noumea in New Caledonia deportees are placed in prisons, which, established by Napoleon III; enable the provision of free labor which populate and the archipelago. The colonial convict convicts frighten designated in exile, torn from their country and their families. Inaugurated in 1864, the prison of New Caledonia is expected to accommodate prisoners in better conditions in Guyana: without diseases and climatic stress. However, the colony people forced march. A law is imposed; "the law of dubbing" a prisoner sentenced to less than eight years to double his exile remaining the same number of years in the territory after its liberation. Beyond 8 years of pain, no return home is possible. Some prisoners
faring more cruel than their peers. The convicts are running almost all the hard labor of general interest, they built their own prison and infrastructure necessary for community living for urban planning. In Noumea, chained together, they perform the work of filling the city center, exploitation of the forest, opening roads, draining swamps, carrying heavy loads until exhaustion. Strongest fulfill contracts "human flesh": hundreds of convicts are leased four times cheaper than free labor to dig in the mines for 20 years. Those sentenced to life imprisonment do not perform forced labor and are kept in tiny dark cells and humid. Men do not go out and never perceive the light of day. To use the free settlers, the Governor created the Guillain category of "assigned", composed of convicts to the satisfactory conduct and allowed to work in private homes as "family boys" engaged in housework: ironing, laundry and kitchen. Other assigned are assigned to the administration of prison. The deportees
Kabyle experienced exactly the same fate as the French Communists, and so there was between them a sort of complicity. Its two categories of prisoners were completely opposite. They had nothing to compare historically, geographically and culturally speaking, but they were both animated by a sense of injustice and fought the French government in place and also experienced the same sentence, the lock away from theirs. This has enabled the reconciliation of all prisoners.

President Gambetta (picture below cons) , In 1879 the Communards an amnesty following the struggle of many French intellectuals such as Victor Hugo, Emile Zola ... but this amnesty excludes Algerians. By restoring their country, the Communists launched an awareness on the subject of French deportees Kabyle for example Louise Michel and Henri Rochefort. The latter, moreover, after escaping in 1874, moved to Brussels and founded his newspaper, The Lantern, who devote much time to the cause of the deportees. This awareness is paying off. Thus, under pressure from the Left and French prisoners, the president decides Gambetta amnesty for all prisoners. It is noted that this has not prevented, by implication, it will not release the Paris Communards by diverting the law but with its latest release that the Algerians.
Once released, some returning to Algeria but others remain in New Caledonia. One can be led to believe they did not choose to settle and they wanted to return too. For example, we try by all means retain Boumezrag, which still represents a threat and it would even entered the French army to carry out a crackdown, with fifty other Algerian soldiers against the rebellion of Caledonian minority, the Canaques.Aujourd Today, it still traces of its presence in the Pacific Kabyle. In fact, quite ready to Noumea capital of Southern Province, is the "Valley of the Arabs" and not far from there is the cemetery where the Arabs are buried former Algerian deportees. People are buried in the pure ritual Muslim graves facing Mecca. In addition to the cemetery, there are also people who try not to "forget" their culture and traditions. They speak indeed some Arabic words, are part of an association of Muslims in the region, they also have a mosque and a religious center where we celebrate all Muslim holidays. Upon entering the Nessadiou (Valley of Arabic), it seems find themselves in a real village kabyle.

Islamic Center of Nessadiou

Thus, the insurrection against the French colonial power led El Mokrani extends across the north. Boumezrag after the arrest of the French army managed to stop the uprising and condemned the leaders of the resistance. The verdict carries the Chiefs and later the population who participated in the insurrection in New Caledonia; sentenced to exile. Some 200,000 join the insurgents prisons after long and arduous journey. Throughout the trip, "Kabyle Pacific" are locked in cages and transported under conditions awkward: many died of disease and starvation before reaching the island. Arrived in New Caledonia, they are placed in prisons . In addition they participate in the settlement of the archipelago by providing a large workforce used to build prisons and urbanize the area. Some are assigned however, serve as free settlers but the majority of detainees remain in prisons where they rub shoulders with the Parisian Communards. These two categories of insurgents united by a bond of solidarity reinforced by a sense of injustice and even expulsion. Thus, the amnesty granted to French Communards lead by the grace of suitela Kabyle insurgents.

Célia.A, Célia.C, Sara.C, Malik.H

SOURCES:

• http://www.seddouk-ouffella.com/spip.php?article108

• http://www.planet-dz.com/ACTU/2001/mai/lallaoui-algeriens-du-pacifique.htm

• http://www.editions-berberes.com/article.php3?id_article=64

• http://nouvellecaledonie.rfo.fr/

• http://www.vitaminedz.com/articles-169-0-721-toute_l_algerie

-histoire___07__l_occupation_francaise-histoire__les_algeriens_de_nouvelle_caledonie_-3.html
• http://www.algerie-dz.com/article1019.html

• http://www.makabylie.info/?article1245
http://www.amnc.org/amnc/algeriens.php
• http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabyles_du_Pacifique •
http://www.amnc.org/images/bourail_long.jpg •

http://www.brazza.culture.fr/img/afrique/iconos/la_politique_coloniale_en_afrique_apres_1879/la_politique_coloniale_en_afrique_apres_1879_32.jpg • http : / / www.acb54.com/IMG/jpg/portraitmok.jpg

• http://www.vuici.com/images/carte-nouvelle-caledonie.gif

http://www. chocolat.tv /

• Mehdi Lallaoui, Kabyle Pacific, 1994 Edition On behalf of the memory Bezons, France

• History of Algeria CDROM published by the Department of the Mujahideen

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Universal and Colonial Exhibition 1900 and 1931

sand, camels, elephants and authentic Saharan tents in Paris ... no it is not the Zoological Park of Paris, but almost. On the occasion of astronomical exposures that such developments have taken place. The two most important ones were held in 1900 for the Universal Exhibition, and 1931 for the Colonial Exhibition.

World Expo is, with about 80,000 exhibitors and over 50 million visitors, the most spectacular of the two. It arises in control scientific advances of the time and this is the occasion that some city buildings are constructed, like the Paris Metro. It was also the time to take stock of colonization could be found native and camels in a very exotic setting.

But the most interesting for our work is indeed the Colonial Exhibition of 1931 which attracted over 8 million visitors. Opened on May 6, 1931 by the President of the Republic, Gaston Doumergue and organizer Marshal Lyautey's Colonial Exhibition and International Countries in Overseas Bois de Vincennes, east of Paris, was prolonged until 15 November, six months later. With a museum of colonization by a zoo, reconstructions of temples and thousands of booths, the exhibition celebrates the successful colonization. In effect at the time we rented the benefits of colonization: "Colonization is a phenomenon that is necessary because it is in the nature of things that people arrived at his level of evolution lean towards those its lower level to raise up to them. " by Paul Reynaud, Minister of Colonies, July 2, 1931 . However, for others it is that places of propaganda created to hide the truth about the decline of the French colonization.

A / A context that justifies these exhibitions:
Europe-loving peoples desire to civilize the so-called "inferior" by them, is found in the late nineteenth century to the head a large colonial empire that stretches all the southern hemisphere of the globe and North America. It was at the Universal Exhibition of 1900, these thoughts were pro-colonial exposed to millions of visitors as a pride, alongside the first steam engines or medical discoveries of the time. For larger colonial, like France or England, this exhibition was also an opportunity to justify all the dependencies in this direction: the thousands of soldiers and money sent to the front to win land, and that the people die in the metropolis. Many years later, after the First World War, an exhibition, this time dedicated to the colonies, but is organized for very different reasons. The colonies are shown of great utility for those who were colonized. In fact, during the War of 14-18, the colonial powers came into conflict with net benefits of the colonies, such as resources or especially an army supports provided by native soldiers. Or during the 1929 crisis, while non colonizers saw unemployment rise and the people "Rallies" increasingly, the colonizing countries relied on their colonies to get out of this mess. So in the context of praising the settlement that the originator of this idea, Marshal Lyautey, decides to make it happen, " Many thought that extending the French power in the world was dilute, weaken, making it less able to ward off ever-threatening danger. But in the tragic days, the colonies came to pla ¬ alongside some of the motherland and the unity of our Empire was the test of pain blood . "He says in his inaugural speech May 6, 1931. However faced with the refusal of many countries or the poor participation of some, like England and Germany, arguing that the crisis of 1929, this colonial exhibition supposed to be finished by universal becoming predominantly French. Becoming an opportunity to mark the apotheosis of the Third Republic and reaffirm the greatness of French colonizers, often look down on this area by others, as mentioned by Paul Reynaud, Minister of the Colonies, in his book The Golden Book of International Colonial Exhibition in Paris 1931: "In vain last hundred years, we found the tradition of winning success magnificent and uninterrupted: Algeria, Indochina, Tunisia, Madagascar, West Africa, Congo, Morocco . Still, the prejudice remained: the French, we repeat, is not colonial. It took the current exhibition and his amazing triumph to dispel the clouds. Today the colonial consciousness is on the rise . Despite this, anti-colonial ideas appeared from the beginning of the twentieth century, mainly supported by the Socialist Party and the CGTU (General Labour Congress Unit), making more and more followers. In response, the government must respond, and this is one of the objectives of the exhibition : justify the maintenance of the empire coloniale.Par cons, except for political reasons, these exposures are excellent places to cultivate the spirit all traveling far. And that's the first reason why the public moves.

B / A titanic organization: Yes they are both very successful, even more qu'estampé. However to achieve this result means titanic were established to offer compelling content.
exhibition of 1900 is the most impressive of the two with over 50 million visitors, a record for the time, content and standard of living means of transport. But also distributed over 76,000 exhibitors area 1.12 km ². This is the third world exhibition held in Paris, after the 1855 and 1889, and runs from April 15 to November 12, 1900. At the foot of the Eiffel Tower, it extends to the Champs Elysees Champs de Mars, covering the Esplanade des Invalides, the banks and that with more than 36 entries. She collected a large number of artistic monuments such as the monumental gate of the Place de la Concorde, representing the workers who participated in the project, or the Great Palace built by Deglane, Louvet and Thomas and for performances and the arts small Palace of Fine Arts built by Charles Girault. But what interests us most is the pits Colonial, which are very diverse. The view "Around the World" is the most expressive of the reproductions, including that of one of the temples of Angkor Wat (Cambodian temples), or with a flag showing Japanese Japanese architecture. There were also country pavilions. This exposure also contribute to the beautification of the French capital, including the construction of the first metro line in Paris, the Metropolitan, which could be taken to attend the Olympic Games held at the same time. This paper aims to 2,000,000 francs in investment by the French state, a considerable sum for the time.

International Colonial Exhibition and Overseas Countries is inaugurated on May 6 and ends Nov. 15, 1931 by Gaston Doumergue, President of the Republic in the Woods Vincennes, Porte Doree in Paris. It receives over 8 million and sold a total of 33 million tickets. One would hear through the many museums including the Musée Permanent des Colonies learning about the arts and cultures of French colonies and the Palais des Beaux-Arts. But also distract them with daily activities that are organized: as authentic native cavalry parades or reproduction of native ceremonies. There are also reproductions of African villages with indigenous Asian deported and a zoo where you could see exotic animals. All countries and colonies have its own flag, as the Algerian section or the flag of the United States.

C \\ The impact of exposure colonial
As the figures show, the two exhibitions have attracted a lot with $ 50 million to 8 million and one for the other. So they broadcast propaganda reached their recipients, most of which are directed to the colonies making them attractive tourist areas. Nevertheless, the Republican politics of the left to make the Maghreb in Algeria and especially a settlement failed in 1936 because only 14,000 French were distributed in the French colonial empire in North Africa from 15 million natives.

Before opening, the Surrealists were distributing leaflets entitled " Do not visit the Exposition Coloniale" in order to warn people about the dangers of colonialism : " speeches and executions , respond by demanding the immediate evacuation of settlements and the indictment of generals and officials responsible for massacres of Annam, Lebanon, Morocco and Central Africa. He reiterated that when a fire destroyed the pavilion of the Netherlands Indies June 27, handing out leaflets entitled " Initial results of the Exposition Coloniale ":" and will complete the work begun by the colonial massacre, continued with the conversions, forced labor and disease . The following year the answer is more virulent, with the inauguration September 19, 1931 Exhibition of the Counter . Organized in three sections, firstly it is a retrospective of colonization with emphasis on crimes committed, then in a second room she opposes the non-colonial ideas of the Soviet procolonialisme Republican, and finally it presents the cultural issues raised by colonialism. It was not the success hoped for, but clearly shows that France is split into two.

addition, policy issues that relate these two exhibitions, they pose as representatives of colonial thoughts and facts from the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.
Youssef Aziz G
Sources

: http://www.ldh-toulon.net/spip.php?article176 http://www.herodote.net/ History / evenement.php? day = 19310506 http://lartnouveau.com/index.htm http://pageperso.aol.fr/bottomcircle/Exposition-Universelle.html

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record for use by officers called to order military Muslim North African

Here is a selection of quotes from the leaflet. It was I who put in some red passages that seem representative of the colonial mentality at work here. It's like this for 55 pages! If you want to read the whole click here to download in PDF (watch the file is large, 20 MB).

"THE MUSLIM NORTH AFRICAN THE REGIMENT Has

intellectually by a religion which has taught the concepts can be very different from ours, shaped by social institutions, manners and customs have changed little from those of Western societies, the Muslim North African, when it arrives Regiment, as it is before a new world.

Forced to bend sharply to the ways of being and behaving, dressing, eating, sleeping well, which is neither accustomed nor prepared , subject to rules life and that contrast discipline the disorganization and carelessness of his previous existence, receiving orders at every moment he does not initially, since it ignores the most often French, risking punishment which do not always know the motives or the scope, he hesitates, is mistaken, makes mistakes. Thence home, frequently at the beginning of his military career, a real confusion that may hurt the judge and lead to mistakes if the NCO in charge of his education is unknown to determine the causes and take action vis-à-vis him the right way.

This newcomer has qualities that may yet make him an excellent soldier and showed his brilliant participation alongside ours in many campaigns: pacification of Africa, Crimea, Italy, Mexico, Madagascar, Tonkin and European wars of 1870, 1914-18, 1939-40.

Son of a race strong and energetic, loving traditionally the "last stand", with a high sense of honor, the taste of the wide and generous gesture, the fantasia, while not neglecting the resources of cunning and the trick, this warrior-born is indeed evidence of real soldiering skills as we understand it.

Strong, agile, sober, resistant to fatigue and weather, gifted with keen eyesight and a very acute hearing, it is a great walker and can become a good shooter, a skilled fighter .

In love with anything that increases the strength and prestige, eager to learn, he learned quickly enough with the handling and operation of modern weapons and their place has nourished even a kind of cult naive.

Respectful of authority provided it is firm and fair, it can be devoted to their leaders to death.

Knowledge, dignity, good performance, the professional conscience, coolness him dictate.

His courage, his defiance of the danger is clear and carry the remains of a notion of religious order: God, master of human destiny, gives or takes life as he pleases. It is his will that controls the hello or death. But self-esteem also helps to courage and that of Muslim North African, highly developed, often leads to pride.

Jingoistic, and sensitive to the plume, making it especially lace and decorations, and dream of it awarded .

Deeply religious, finally, there is a sense of duty, bowed to the moral rules and the need hierarchies.

These qualities vary depending on whether city dwellers or country folk, men of the plains or the mountains, Moroccans, Algerians and Tunisians, Arabs or Berbers of origin but, in most recruits and enlistees, they are quick to assert themselves if necessary has been done to promote development.

But this soldier was also the defects of his qualities .

His pride of character is usually accompanied by exaggerated sensitivity. Where a suspicious attitude, a tendency to bitterness, the recriminations and sometimes head shots that can lead to serious misconduct against discipline.

For pride as well, he readily gives gifts, spending all his money to appear, "proves improvident and puts this in difficult situations he tries to pull by resorting to methods more or less desirable.

Made of contrasts, it is indeed sometimes unscrupulous, while also seen to seek righteousness and nobility . The concealment can take home unimagined proportions and bring it to deny the evidence with an assurance that the European disconcerting.

Wary by instinct, it is difficult to book.

The clan spirit, if pushed into his tribe, he remains in the barracks and encourages him to train with fellow small ,, Coff "which cultivate friendships and enmities, complicity and rivalry, devotion and hatred. This approach can lead to states of affairs detrimental to harmony which should prevail in a section, a company, squadron, and interfere in a serious measure, the exercise of command.

atavistic trend also taste of the chicane, the discussion , pushes him to quarrel with his classmates, their quarrel for reasons often futile. His temper drags him to violent attitudes and sometimes brutality regret that, once returned to calm, but the prospect of sanctions does not always succeed in preventing.

In contrast to these attitudes and violent conflict with each other, be seen to be flexible, duplicity, and even use flattery with those of its leaders, who should express their interest . We will also sometimes humble and sometimes vain, sometimes generous, sometimes selfish, sometimes unselfish and sometimes greedy, sometimes patient, sometimes impatient, sometimes tense in the effort and sometimes prone to laziness and carelessness .

his conduct vis-à-vis women will be affected by this instability: toughness that usually manifest towards them suddenly yield to movements of passion that can make all the madness for a girl bad life ...

instruction being among Muslim North Africans the preserve of a privileged class, the rifleman, mostly illiterate , do not find distractions in the intellectual sphere. Also he looks in various hobbies, and more particularly its reach in the game Games cards, dominoes, from lotteries, gambling has its preferences, which is not without drawbacks and even dangers when it is doing it without excess.

Accustomed to only drink water or soft drinks, fermented and prescribed him his religion, he gets drunk very quickly as soon as he is tempted by the wine or alcohol and absorbs sometimes to excess, to the point of no longer control himself and to engage in the most reprehensible acts.

smoker, he also uses willingly,, hashish "or,, kif" who brutalize those who use them, undermining their health and lead to tuberculosis or mental disorders.

Vindictive, finally, he will devote to that, leader or friend, who was treated unjustly or maliciously resentment that time does not always succeed to erase.

Although strong, it may be subject to physical failures. Sleep deprivation, for example, it costs and if the ranking is not careful, sleepiness can take home over all other considerations , including concern for the record, even if it is placed in a perilous position. Cold can also destroy his faculties when it is a fraction.

These traits are generally those of all military Muslim North Africans, given, as has been said, their regional origins, social or ethnic groups. They change more or less over the years of service and it can happen that military education produces its effects, they give way to a state of mind is very similar to that of the French.

But sometimes the influence of the military profession, far from improving, especially where the parties have had experience with uncomprehending heads or ignorant of their mentality, some defects in them increases and makes old riflemen, those in particular who failed to get braids, angry and bitter beings, with whom he should use more caution that 'with young people. There is, in this case, a question that requires trial by the officers having the control of intelligence and tact.

In summary, the Muslim North African military, with its combination of qualities and faults, his true abilities in the profession of arms and the inferiority it derives from its crude and unorganized nature , oppositions and contrasts of his character, his impulses and his failures, is a human matter rich but delicate to handle . It offers the chef who has under him the possibilities of command of the most interesting, but not without risks and without danger.

The train, instruct and make him an excellent soldier, he is likely to become one of the most involved tasks that an officer or NCO can assume during his career. It requires above all the study of reflection and decision. Knowledge of rules which dominate and which are the main chapter Next, as the will and faith, shall allow the carrying out, by assuring those to whom it is entrusted to the satisfaction of the most comprehensive and highest. "

[pp. 22 and following]

"Watch carefully signs of excitement sometimes arise unexpectedly in a man, especially among blacks. These real cases of insanity often lead to murder. Do not ignore the views of indigenous non-commissioned officers in this regard. "[P.32]

" d) Physical education.

A physical education, not surprising the inflexibility inevitable in men who have previously had no preparation in sport.

Do not make too many sessions. Do not overdo stretching exercises, especially in winter in cold climate regions. Move quickly to practical exercises such as jumping, running and ball games.

the native is naturally a great runner and a thrower remarkable. These two qualities are very useful in the military profession, can easily be developed methodically through education.

e) Instruction shooting.

At the School of the shooter and the pomegranate, native, who has a passion for shooting, will get satisfactory results if a continuous practice and discipline of correct fire to trend,, Fantasia "and waste ammunition. He gets drunk to shoot and therefore draws badly, thinking only of noise.

It is therefore crucial to lead with the greatest care education and practice shooting and demands strict application of the discipline of fire. This portion of training French special responsibility to executives who must commit to teach the concepts slowly and patiently from the beginning and not discharge that duty on indigenous frameworks.

f) Employment of specialists.

Some jobs will be specialists in principle and to the extent permitted by the numbers, reserved for Europeans. "[P. 34]